the 6502/6809 journal

132 Pages·2015·41.42 MB·English

U.S./Canada Edition: $2.50
NO. 47 APRIL 1982 International Edition: $2.95
United Kingdom Edition: £1.80
THE 6502/6809 JOURNAL
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BASIC Utilities for Apple and PET
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Inexpensive Mass Storage Techniques
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NO. 47 __________________________APRIL 1982
THE 6502/6809 JOURNAL
STAFF
I/O ENHANCEMENTS
President/Editor-in-Chief
ROBERT M. TRIPP 6 AIM User Device Arbiter...................................................Joel Swank
Expand the AIM's input and output ports
Publisher
MARY GRACE SMITH -f General Purpose Tape I/O for OSI Jerry D. Boucher
Senior Editor 1 1 Flexible cassette LOAD and SAVE functions are provided
LAURENCE KEPPLE
■ifi A Real Tape Operating System..................................Dale De Priest
Editors
' ^ Get the most out of Commodore’s reliable system
MARY ANN CURTIS
MARJORIE MORSE
LOREN WRIGHT p-j COPCOP Single Drive Copier...................................Peter Kieijnjan
1 Copy OSI diskettes quickly and easily
Production Manager
PAULA M. KRAMER
HARDWARE
Typesetting
EMMALYN H. BENTLEY 27 Votrax Interface for SYM John vaiente
Easily interface this speech synthesizer to your system’s VIA
Advertising Manager
CATHI BLAND
on 6508 — A New 6502 Configuration..............................Ralph Tenny
Circulation Manager * Package includes processor, I/O, RAM and other features
CAROL A. STARK
Dealer Orders q c Time of Day the Easy Way.......................................Martin De George
LINDA HENSDILL processor-independent real time with the addition of one chip
Comptroller o q Programmable Reverse Video for the C1P Charles L. Stanford
DONNA M. TRIPP
Add this handy feature to your C1P with programming and circuitry
Bookkeeper
KAY COLLINS
6809
Advertising
Sales Representative a c Structured Programming in BASIC09 Brian Capouch
KEVIN B. RUSHALKO Combine the benefits of structured programming and user interaction
603/547-2970
c-j Extensions to the C-Bug Monitor Ralph Tenny
1 Debugging functions are added to this M.L. monitor for the color computer
Multiprecision Addition—A Comparison of 6809 and 6502
DEPARTMENTS 57
Programming.................................Gregory Walker and Tom Whiteside
5 Editorial Addition routines demonstrate 6809’s programming advantages
67 Reviews in Brief
c-| FLEX: An Operating System for the 6809 Dale Puckett
71 PET Vet
^ * FLEX’s history, features, and applications are discussed
90 Microbes and Updates
98 6502 Bibliography BASIC AIDS
101 6809 Bibliography
o q 7SEG: PET Giant Character Set John Girard
103 New Publications
Alpha-numeric characters on seven-segment display
105 From Here to Atari
109 The Single Life 07 Applesoft Variable Dump........................................Philippe Francois
112 Hardware Catalog ® 1 This debugging utility provides a dump of current variable array values
115 Software Catalog n o Integer Cross-Reference Utilities................................Lee Reynolds
121 Data Sheet Generate a complete cross-reference table for Apple Integer BASIC programs
125 It’s All Ones and Zeros
127 Advertiser’s Index
128 Next Month in MICRO
No. 47-April 1982 MICRO - The 6502/6809 Journal 3
Boston Minneapolis Houston San Francisco
The Most Spectacular Extravaganza Ever...
For Apple Users
At Applefest '82 hundreds of manufacturers, Applefest/Boston
distributors and dealers will showcase the entire Fri-Sun May 14-16,1982
spectrum of Apple-compatible products including Hynes Auditorium
computers, components, peripherals, plug-in cards, Show Hours: 11AM to 6PM Daily
publications, gifts, magazines, services, accessories Admission: $6 per day or Si 0 for 2 days,
and software for home, office and school. Si 5 for 3 days
Hands-on centers and multimedia presentations will
Applefest/Minneapolis
demonstrate the newest applications for business,
Thurs-Sun Sept 16-19,1982
education and entertainment.
Minnesota Auditorium and Convention Hall
Seminars and workshops, conducted by the world's
Show Hours: 11 AM to 6 PM Daily
leading Apple authorities, will detail new uses to
Admission: $5 per day or $8 for 2 days,
make your Apple more enjoyable and more useful
S12 for 3 days, $ 15 for 4 days
than you ever imagined.
Applefest/Houston
You'll meet thousands of other Apple owners and find
Fri-Sun Nov 19-21,1982
the newest of everything for your Apple under one
Albert Thomas Convention Center
roof... and for sale at super show prices.
Show Hours: 1PM to 10PM Daily
So if you use an Apple... or are thinking about
Admission: $5 per day or $8 for 2 days, $12 for 3 days
buying one, you won't want to miss a minute of
Applefest '82. Applefest/San Francisco
Ticket & Hotel Information Fri-Sun Dec 3-5,1982
Send your check and a note indicating the specific show you wish Moscone Center
to attend. Tickets and hotel information will be mailed back to Show Hours: 1 PM to 10PM Daily
you. Tickets can also be purchased at the show. Make all checks
Admission: $5 per day or $8 for 2 days, S12 for 3 days
payable to Northeast Expositions Inc. 824 Boylston Street,
Chestnut Hill, Mass. 02167 Tel: [phone].
Applefest is produced by Northeast Expositions Inc. and is sanctioned
Exhibitor Information by Apple Computer Inc. and The Boston Computer Society.
For specific exhibitor information on one or all of the Applefest '82 'Apple and Applefest are registered trade and service marks of Apple
shows call Northeast Expositions at the telephone number above. Computer Inc.
/A IC R O
About the Cover
Editorial
ELPMER PEP.1QP ---------
Z > r.n i» Aug. . Mu It»
Tul»i» M»v-Jun* Var >our
llarifiold Jul.-flu*. Oold
Irie I1*y-Jur>» Whi t»-Puri® >•
Crocus ftpri I RurpU,v»Uo*,«Wt«
p.oov Jun. p,nk,»KH.,-fuircM.
!t»r fiu«».-S«i»t. Multi
Support the 6809! familiar — between the Apple world
and the TRS-80 world, for example —
Personal computers make the transfer are not in anyone's long-term best in­
of information easier by removing un­ terest. Nor are they going to be mean­
necessary barriers between minds. The ingful much longer. Radio Shack has
result is more than just added conven­ announced the Model 16, which will
ience. According to information theory incorporate the 68000, the same chip
(and common sense), if it is easier for rumored to be part of the next-
This month's cover launches MICRO people not to have information than to generation Apple. But even when sys­
into spring with colorful tulips. A have it, they won't have it. How many tems use the same CPU, it can be ex­
microcomputer could be used to plan times have you known that you could tremely difficult to alter code written
garden planting. Given the character­ obtain a piece of information if you for one configuration to run on another
istics of the plants — their growing were willing to make the trip to the unless sytem transportability has been
seasons, stature, flower color, etc. — library? Chances are you stayed home a major design consideration from the
the program would assist in planting
and remained ignorant. Personal com­ start.
for best balance.
puters offer us the possibility of lives
The 'spring' theme of the cover also that are "barrier-free'' with respect to There is a microprocessor available
relates directly to the editorial theme information. now that can play a significant role in
of the issue — the 6809. This is truly removing barriers between systems.
the spring of the 6809, as well! "Barrier-free" is a term used to The 6809 microprocessor, designed at
describe building designs that don’t Motorola, removes obstacles to trans­
Cover photo: Betsey Bolton lock out the handicapped. Nearly portability that the 6502, for all its vir­
Lowell, Massachusetts
everyone has been handicapped at one tues, created. Hardware considerations
time or another by not having access to required a fixed page zero location in
the right information at the right time. the 6502, making it very difficult to
What may be called the "personal com­ alter 6502 software written for a
puting movement" generates such in­ specific system to run on another 6502
tense enthusiasm because we are dimly configuration. The 6809’s Direct Page
aware that making the flow of informa­ Register, however, permits the soft­
JM C ftO is published monthly by:
tion barrier-free can offer human society ware itself to establish page zero in the
MICRO INK, Inc., Chelmsford, MA 01824
Second Class postage paid at: opportunities for advancement greater process of adapting to specific system
Chelmsford, MA 01824 and additional than any known before in history. configurations. The result: position-
mailing offices independent code.
USPS Publication Number: 483470
Even so, the personal computing in­
ISSN: 0271-9002
dustry has been responsible for creating
some new barriers as it removes the old One of MICRO'S primary concerns
Send subscriptions, change of address, USPS ones. The familiar "Tower of Babel" is to promote the removal of barriers to
Form 3S79, requests for back issues and all analogy aptly describes the problem — software transportability. We are pleased,
other fulfillment questions to
those who can't use each new com­ therefore, to feature the 6809 processor
MICRO
34 Chelmsford Street puter language far outnumber those in this issue, which includes a discus­
P.O. Box 6502 who can. In the Biblical story, the sion of the 6809 vis-a-vis the 6502 by
Chelmsford, MA 01824 Tower of Babel was a joint effort by all Mssrs. Walker and Whiteside of
or call of humanity to build a structure that Motorola.
617/256-5515
Telex: 955329 TLX SRVC would attain the heavens. To prevent
800-227-1617 this, God inflicted "Babel" on his I would like to conclude by taking
presumptuous children so that only this opportunity to introduce myself to
Subscription Rates Per Year small groups could solve problems in the readers of MICRO. As Senior
U.S. $24.00 common with the aid of that powerful Editor, I hope to help MICRO become
2 yr. / $42.00 tool, language. As humanity still an even more effective information in­
Foreign surface mail $27.00 strives to create that great tower of terchange between serious computer-
Air mail: common understanding, it is still ists. If you have any comments or
Europe $42.00 language, our greatest resource, that is ideas, write or call me at MICRO. Or
Mexico, Central America, our most imposing barrier. reach me at 71535,231 on the Compu­
Middle East, North Africa,
Serve network.
Central Africa $48.00
South America, South Africa, Those of us who are professionally
Far East, Australasia, involved in the growth of personal
New Zealand $72.00 computers have a responsibility to
Copyright© 1982 by MICRO INK, Inc. Lo-aC &icC
make this technology as barrier-free as
All Rights Reserved
possible. Barriers that have become
No. 47-April 1982 MICRO - The 6502/6809 Journal 5
AIM User Device Arbiter
by Joel Swank
Expand the AIM’s user input and UDA THE AIM USER DEUICE ARBITER
output ports up to 83 devices FUNCTION:
each with the User Device TO SELECT AMONG MULTIPLE DEUICES FOP
I/O Ulfl THE AIM USER PORT,
Arbiter.
RIM USER Ulfl ADDRESSES
AIM User Device Arbiter
requires: IJDRB =*A0f.i0
UDDRB =*A002
AIM-65 UPCR =JflOOC
UIFR =*R00D
UIER =*R00E
One of AIM's strongest features is the
user I/O port, system device "U ". ; AIM SUBROUTINES
With this user hook you can interface a TTYTST =*ES42 .TEST FOR TTY MODE
wide variety of devices to the AIM and BLANK =*ES3E :SEND SPACE TO D/P
OUTPUT =*E9?fl ;ACCUM TO D'P
they will work with all AIM firmware.
EQUAL =*E7D8 TO THE D/P
Unfortunately only one input and one REDOUT =*E9?3 ;READ KBD WITH ECHO
output device can be available at a CRIOW =*EA13 :CR LF TO D/P
COMIN =*EIR1 ;AIM RE-ENTRY
time. Since I use several devices on the
user port, remembering the device IJIN =*103 :AIM USER I/O UECTORS
driver addresses and manually changing
; OUTSIDE ADDRESSES
the user vectors was inconvenient. To
relieve this problem, I wrote the User UICIN =*862F :UIC-20 I 'O
UICOT =*8648
Device Arbiter (UDA). DISK IN =*93C-3 ;DISK I/O DRIUERS
DISKOT =*937A
BUFF IN =*S896 ;BUFFER MANAGER I/O DRIUERS
UDA separates the AIM user port in­
BUFFOT =*8841
to as many as 83 sub-devices. Each sub­
device is represented by a one-character
*=*S000
code. When I specify "U” in response
to the IN = or OUT = prompt, the UDA ROUTINE TO INITIALISE THE USER I/O UECTORS
receives control and displays the prompt 3000 A0 03 INITAL LDY #3
DEVICE =. If I enter the one-character 89 E8 SO INILUP LDR UECS>Y ;INIT USER I/O UECTORS
sub-deivce code, the open routine for 99 OS 01 STA IJIN. Y
DEY
that device is then executed. Any sub­ 0 F? BPL INILUP
sequent calls to the user port are sent to 3008 4C A1 El -IMP COMIN
300E
the device driver through the secondary 80QE RRBITER'ROUffNES
user vector in the UDA.
800E ENTRY FOR USER INPUT
UDA is a simple, table-driven rou­
tine. There are two logically identical 800E 80 22 USER I BCS JMPIN ;ALREADY OPEH
routines, one for input and one for out­ 80 20 AF 80 GETI JSR GETDEU ;INPUT DESIRED DEUICE _
put. The Arbiter routines are only ex­ AO 00 LDY ♦*0 PREPARE TO SEARCH TABLE
ecuted when they are entered with the BE D1 80 UDILUP LDX DTABI.Y ;END OF TABLE?
SO F0 18 BEG! NODEUl ;YES- ERROR
carry flag clear (open call). The response 80 09 D1 80 CMP DTABI»Y ;MATCH?
to the DEVICE = prompt is used as a BEG MOUADI ;YES; DISPATCH IT
I NY
search argument for the device table, 8020 FCc8£ 05 I NY ;NOj BUMP TO NEXT
which is a list of device codes and 8021 08 I NY
device driver routine addresses. The 8022 DO FI BNE UDILUP ;TRY AGAIN
driver routines are the same routines MOUADI ;FOUND - BUMP TO ADDRESS
whose addresses would normally be 80 Lndva DTABI.-Y ;MOUE ADDRESS TO UECTOR
stored in the user vectors. The tables S028 80 81 STA IUEC
8028 89 SO LDA DTABI+1jY
must be terminated with a zero. If a 802E 8D 81 STA IUEC+1
device code is not found in the table, 8031 18 CLC
the error message UNKNOWN DEVICE 8032 6C SI JMPIN JMP <IUEC) ;EXECUTE DEUICE DRIUER
is displayed and the DEVICE = prompt (Continued)
re-issued. When the device code is
6 MICRO - The 6502/6809 Journal No. 47-April! 982
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No. 47-April 1982 MICRO - The 6502/6809 Journal
found in the table, the succeeding two
bytes are moved to the secondary user S035 20 C3 80 NODEUl JSR DIUERR ;ERROR MSG
vectors. Subsequent calls to the device 8038 4C 10 80 JMP GETI ;RETRY
"U " vectors with carry flag set (I/O
call) are directed through these secon­
dary vectors. 803B ; ENTRY FOR USER OUTPUT
S03B B0 22 USERO BCS JMPOT ;ALREADY OPEN
My device tables contain three in­
put devices and four output devices. In­
cluded in the assembly is the driver for
my BASE 2 printer. The drivers for my
8030 20 AF 80 GETO JSR GETDEU ;INPUT DESIRED DEUICE
disk, buffer manager, and VIC-20 8040 AO 00 LDY #0 ;PREPARE TO SEARCH TABLE
parallel link, are located elsewhere. 8042 BE DB 80 UDOLIIP LDX DTABO.Y ;END OF TABLE?
Devices can easily be added by insert­ 8045 FO IB BEG! N0DEU0 ; YES- ERROR
8047 09 DB 80 CMP DTABO.Y ;MATCH?
ing their device codes and driver rou­ 8 04A F0 05 BE0 M0URD0 ;YES, DISPATCH IT
tine addresses in the tables. To avoid 804C C8 I NY
selecting the wrong device, have each 804D C8 I NY ;NO, BUMP TO NEXT
804E C8 I NY
open routine display a message that 804F DO FI BNE UDOLUP ;TRY AGAIN
identifies which device was selected.
8051 C8 MOUADO INY ;FOUND - BUMP TO ADDRESS
8052 B9 DB LDA DTABO.Y ;M0UE ADDRESS TO UECTOR
Included at the beginning of UDA is 8055 8D 14 !l STA OUEC
8 OSS B9 DC 80 LDA DTABO+l.Y
a routine that initializes the user I/O
805B 8D 15 81 STA OUEC+1
vectors with the addresses of the arbiter 805E 18 CLC
routines. Execute this routine only
805F 6C 14 81 JMPOT JMP (OUEC) ;EXECUTE DEUICE DRIUER
once after UDA is loaded. UDA has no
effect on AIM's restriction of having 8062 20 C3 80 NODEUO JSR DIUERR ; ERROR MSG
only one input and one output device 8065 4C 3D 80 JMP GETO ;RETPY
open at a time.
8068 ;BASE 2 INTERFACE FOR THE RIM 65
S068 ; USES THE B PORT OF THE USER 6522 Ulfl
The author may be contacted at 25730
Beach Dr., Rockaway, OR 97136.
8068 ; ENTRY TO USE THE BASE 2 THROUGH THE
S068 ; RIM USER OUTPUT UECTOR.
8068 B0 33 BASEOT BCS UBAS ;BRANCH ON OUTPUT CALL
8 06A A0 OF LDY #BASMSG-LITS;DISPLAY 'BASE-2'
806C 20 C5 80 JSR PMSG
COLOR VIDEO MONITORS
806F ; SUBROUTINE TO INITIALIZE THE UIA
806F A9 FF BASINT LDA #*FF ;ALL BITS OUTPUT
S071 8D 02 A0 STA IJDDRB
• COMPOSITE VIDEO INPUT, NTSC: S074 AD OC A0 LDA UPCR
TC-700 13" color monitor/TV receiver, 8077 29 OF AND #*0F
8079 09 A0 ORA #*A0 ;SET AUTO PULSE MODE
switchable, $349.00. TC-900 19" monitor/TV 807B 8D OC A0 STA UPCR
receiver, $449.00. 807E A9 00 LDA #0 ;SEND A NULL TO GET THINGS
• SONY TV to video monitor conversion kit, 8080 8D 00 A0 STA UDRB STARTED
8083 A2 00 LDX #0
MCK-100; opto-isolator input $99.00.
8085 BD 03 81 BASLUP LDA INITS.X ;LOOP TO SEND
8088 F0 06 BEQ CKTERM ;PARMS TO BASE2
. RGB VIDEO MONITORS: Analog or SOSA 20 A2 80 JSR BfiSOUT
TTL drive, 380 x 350 resolution. 808D E8 I NX
808E DO F5 BNE BASLUP
13" CRM-13 S485.00 8090 20 42 E8 CKTERM JSR TTYTST ;TTY MODE?
19” CRM-19 $575.00 8093 F0 04 BEQ DIS ; YES
8095 A9 37 LDA #55 ;HO, ENABLE AUTO LF
15” Trinitron, 3 modes, RGB, compos­ 8097 DO 09 BNE BASOUT
ite video, TV. SI 095.00, CM 15 RGB. 8099 A9 38 DIS LDA #56 ;DISABLE AUTO LF
809B DO 05 BNE BASOUT
• RGB converter board for Apple 11,
809D ; CHARACTER FROM USEF OUTPUT COMES HERE
provides RGB video and sync; mod.
809D 68 UBAS PLA
VCB-A2. $179.00.
309E C9 FF CMP #*FF ; IGNORE AIM NULL CODES
80A0 FO 00 BEQ BRET
• Sony TV to RGB and composite video
monitor conversion kit, RGB-100:
8 0fl2 ; SUBROUTINE TO SEND 1 CHARACTER TO THE BASE2
$295.00 (available January 1982).
80R2 43 BASOUT PHA
For additional information, contact: 80R3 AD 0D A0 BOTLUP LDA UIFR ;GET UIA STATUS
80R6 29 10 AND #*10 ;IS PRINTER READY?
80R8 F0 F9 BEQ BOTLUP ;NO. WAIT
'1 /icU a 7 K < vi6 e tc*ta . *1hc. SOAR 68 PLA
P.O. Box 339 8 ORB 80 00 A0 STA UDRB ; YES, SEND CHARACTER
8 ORE 60 BRET RTS
Warrington, PA 18976
8 OAF ; GETDEU ; INPUT DEUICE CODE FROM CONSOLE
(215 ) 343-3000
8 OAF 20 13 EA GETDEU JSR CRLOW ;NEW LINE
DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED 80B2 A0 08 LDY #DEUMSG-LITS;PROMPT 'DEUICE='
80B4 20 C5 80 JSR PMSG
8 MICRO - The 6502/6809 Journal No. 47-April 1982