Th Thorium: Natural Occurrence. Minerals (Excluding Silicates)

406 Pages·1990·11.88 MB·English

by  Reiner Ditz

i I I I I II 31
2 Ho 10 Ne 18 Ar 36 Kr 54 Xe 86 Rn Hf
~
I
I H2 9 F 5 17 CI6 35 Br 7 53 I 8 85 At 8a
3 9 10 II 12 J 7
8 o 16 S 34 Se 52 To 84 Po 11 lu 103 Lr
7 N 4 15 P 16 33 As 17 51 Sb 18 83 Bi 19 70 Vb 1021 No I
mbers I I ! , I 5 6 B 13 C 14 13 14 AI3S Si 15 31 32 Ga 36 G045 49 50 In 37 Sn 46 81 82 TI38 Pb 47 68 69 Er Tm 100 ~J 71 Fm 71
m Nu 30 Zn 32 48 Cd 33 80 H34 g 67 Ho 9971 Es
yste i , I , I I I I I i 60 61 62 71
melin S I I I I I I I I 29 57 Cu 47 65 Ag 79 68 Au 66 Oy 98 71 Cf
e G 28 Ni 46 Pd 78 PI 65 Tb 97 Bk
with th 27 Co 58 45 64 Rh 77 Ir 67 64 Gd 96 71 Cm
nts 59 63 66 71
Table of the Eleme ! I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I ! 24 25 26 Cr 52 Mn 56 Fe 42 43 44 M53 Te 69 Ru o 74 75 76 W 54 Re 70 Os 61 62 63 Pm Sm Eu 93 94 95 Np 71 Pu 71 Am
eriodic I : 23 V 48 4( 49 Nb 73 50 Ta 105 71 60 Nd 92 U 55
P
I i I , I ! l I i , I 21 22 Ti 4( Sc 39 39 40 V 39 Zr 42 57** 72 La 39 Hf 43 89*** 104 71 40 Ae 59 58 Pr Ce 90 91 Th 44 Pa 51
, I I I H 2 I 3 4 20 Li 26 80 12 II Mg27 21 Na 19 * 20 K 22 Ca 28 37 38 Sr 29 24 Rb 56 55 Cs 25 Ba 30 81 88 Fr25a Ra 31 *Lanthan ides 39 ** Actin ides _____
* *
' ' 1
,. .. f o i C'I i. :i' en 1 3 ... iii' i' ~ i a i Ii:' ~ i
GmeLin Handbook of Inorganic Chemistry
8th Edition
Gmelin Handbook
of Inorganic Chemistry
8th Edition
GmeLin Handbuch der Anorganischen Chemie
Achte, v6Llig neu bearbeitete AufLage
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Gmelin Handbook
of Inorganic Chemistry
8th Edition
Th
Thorium
Supplement Volume A 1 a
Natural Occurrence. Minerals (Excluding Silicates)
With 14 illustrations
AUTHORS Reiner Ditz, Barbel Sarbas,
Peter Schubert, Wolfgang Topper
EDITOR Wolfgang Topper
CHIEF EDITOR Wolfgang Topper
System Number 44
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH 1990
LITERATURE CLOSING DATE: 1987
IN SOME CASES MORE RECENT DATA HAVE BEEN CONSIDERED
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: Agr 25-1383
ISBN 978-3-662-08912-5 ISBN 978-3-662-08910-1 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-08910-1
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Originally published by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York London Paris Tokyo in 1990
Softcover reprint 01 the hardcover 8th edition 1990
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Preface
The present volume begins, in a summary fashion, with a description of the natural
occurrence of the element Th. Especially stressed are those facts that are most important in
understanding its geological distribution on Earth (as, e.g., mode of occurrence and distri
bution among minerals) and its behavior in minerals (as, e.g., diadochy and metamictization
of minerals). Attached is a tabulation of the highest reported Th or Th02 content in minerals
that normally (by their crystal-chemical formula) do not contain Th.
The main part of the present volume describes the minerals of Th. As can be seen from
the crystal-chemical formulas, there are, in addition to a few minerals containing Th as the
sole cation, a number of minerals that contain Th as an additional cation or as a diadochic
element. In the case of diadochic substitution, the mineral may represent a Th-rich end
member of a solid-solution series and, therefore, is described as a separate Th mineral, or
may only sporadically contain higher amounts of Th (no mineral description is given).
The mineral descriptions, in this volume including oxides, carbonates, and phosphates!
silicophosphates of Th, comprise the following topics:
occurrence (comprising data on paragenesis, intergrowths, inclusions, and alteration;
sometimes, for comparison, data on synthesis also);
chemistry (comprising complete analysis, formula, diadochy, and the relationship between
composition and type of geological occurrence or composition and physical properties);
crystal form and structure;
optical and other physical properties; and
chemical and thermal behavior.
The silicates of Th and the deposits of Th will be described in the volume "Thorium" Suppl.
Vol. A 1 b, that also contains a mineral index for both volumes.
Frankfurt am Main Wolfgang Topper
May 1990
x
Volumes published on "Radium and Actinides"
Ac Actinium
Main Volume - 1942
Suppl. Vol. 1: Element and Compounds - 1981
Np, Pu, ... Transuranium Elements
Main Volume
Part A: The Elements
A 1, I History, Occurrence, Properties of Atomic Nuclei - 1973
A 1," Nuclides: Manufacture, Recovery, Enrichment - 1974
A 2 General Properties, Uses, Storage, Biology - 1973
Part B: The Metals
B 1 Metals - 1976
B 2 Binary Alloy Systems 1 - 1976
B 3 Binary Alloy Systems 2 - 1977
Part C: The Compounds
C Compounds - 1972
Part D: Chemistry in SoLution
D 1 Aqueous Solutions. Coordination Chemistry - 1975
D 2 Extraction, Ion Exchange. Molten Salts - 1975
Index - 1979
Pa Protactinium
Main Volume - 1942
Suppl. Vol. 1: Element - 1977
Suppl. Vol. 2: Metal. Alloys. Compounds. Chemistry in Solution - 1977
Ra Radium
Main Volume - 1928
Suppl. Vol. 1: History, Cosmochemistry, Geochemistry - 1977
Suppl. Vol. 2: Element. Compounds - 1977
Th Thorium
Main Volume - 1955
Suppl. Vol. Part A: The ELement
A 1a Natural Occurrence. Minerals (Excluding Silicates) (present volume) - 1990
A 2 History. Isotopes. Recovery of Thorium from Ores - 1986
A 3 Technology. Uses. Irradiated Fuel. Reprocessing - 1988
A 4 General Properties. Spectra. Recoil Reactions - 1989
A 5 Analysis Biology - 1990
Suppl. Vol. Part C: The Compounds
C 1 Compounds with Noble Gases, Hydrogen, Oxygen - 1978
C 2 Ternary and Polynary Oxides - 1976
XI
C 3 Compounds with Nitrogen - 1987
C 5 Compounds with S, Se, Te, B - 1986
C 7 Compounds with Carbon: Carbonates, Thiocyanates, Alkoxides, Carboxylates - 1988
Suppl. Vol. Part 0: Chemistry in Solution
D 1 Properties of Ions in Solutions - 1988
D 2 Solvent Extraction - 1985
Suppl. Vol. Part E: Coordination Compounds
E Coordination Compounds - 1985
U Uranium
Main Volume - 1936
Suppl. Vol. Part A: The Element
A 1 Uranium Deposits - 1979
A 2 Isotopes - 1980
A 3 Technology. Uses - 1981
A 4 Irradiated Fuel. Reprocessing - 1982
A 5 Spectra - 1982
A 6 General Properties. Criticality - 1983
A 7 Analysis. Biology - 1982
Suppl. Vol. Part B: The Alloys
B2 Alloys of Uranium with Alkali Metals, Alkaline Earths, and Elements of Main - 1989
Groups III and IV
Suppl. Vol. Part C: The Compounds
C 1 Compounds with Noble Gases and Hydrogen. Uranium-Oxygen System - 1977
C 2 Oxides U30S and U03. Hydroxides, Oxide Hydrates, and Peroxides - 1978
C 3 Ternary and Polynary Oxides - 1975
C 4 U02, Preparation and Crystallographic Properties - 1984
C 5 U02, Physical Properties. Electrochemical Behavior - 1986
C 6 U02, Chemical Properties (in preparation)
C 7 Compounds with Nitrogen - 1981
C 8 Compounds with Fluorine - 1980
C 9 Compounds with Chlorine, Bromine, and Iodine - 1979
C 10 Compounds with Sulfur - 1984
C 11 Compounds with Selenium, Tellurium, and Boron - 1981
C 12 Carbides - 1987
C 13 Carbonates, Cyanides, Thiocyanates, Alkoxides, Carboxylates - 1983
Compounds with Silicon
C 14 Compounds with Phosphorus, Arsenic, Antimony, Bismuth, and Germanium - 1981
Suppl. Vol. Part 0: Chemistry in Solution
D 1 Properties of the Ions. Molten Salts - 1984
D 2 Solvent Extraction - 1982
D 3 Anion Exchange - 1982
D 4 Cation Exchange and Chromatography - 1983
Suppl. Vol. Part E: Coordination Compounds
E 1 Coordination Compounds 1 - 1979
E 2 Coordination Compounds 2 (including Organouranium Compounds) - 1980