Table Of ContentTEXTILE MECHANICS AND
CALCULATIONS
TEXTILE MECHANICS AND
CALCULATIONS
J. Hayavadana
WOODHEAD PUBLISHING INDIA PVT LTD
New Delhi
Published by Woodhead Publishing India Pvt. Ltd.
Woodhead Publishing India Pvt. Ltd.,
303, Vardaan House, 7/28, Ansari Road,
Daryaganj, New Delhi - 110002, India
www.woodheadpublishingindia.com
First published 2018, Woodhead Publishing India Pvt. Ltd.
© Woodhead Publishing India Pvt. Ltd., 2018
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded
sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission. Reasonable efforts have
been made to publish reliable data and information, but the authors and the
publishers cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials. Neither
the authors nor the publishers, nor anyone else associated with this publication,
shall be liable for any loss, damage or liability directly or indirectly caused or
alleged to be caused by this book.
Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by
any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming and
recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without ermission
in writing from Woodhead Publishing India Pvt. Ltd. The consent of Woodhead
Publishing India Pvt. Ltd. does not extend to copying for general distribution,
for promotion, for creating new works, or for resale. Specific permission must be
obtained in writing from Woodhead Publishing India Pvt. Ltd. for such copying.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered
trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation, without intent
to infringe.
Woodhead Publishing India Pvt. Ltd. ISBN: 978-93-85059-05-6
Woodhead Publishing India Pvt. Ltd. Master e-ISBN: 978-93-85059-86-5
Typeset by Allen Smalley, Chennai
Contents
Foreword xix
Preface xxi
Chapter 1 Introduction to mechanics of textile machineries 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Equations of motion 2
1.3 Introduction 2
1.3.1 Linear motion 3
1.3.2 Circular motion 6
Chapter 2 Transmission of motion by wheel gearing 59
2.1 What is a gear drive? 60
2.2 Classification of gear drives 63
2.3 Spur gears 63
2.3.1 Spur gear materials 66
2.4 Helical gears 67
2.4.1 Parallel helical gears 68
2.4.2 Double helical gears 69
2.4.3 Cross-helical gears 72
2.5 Bevel gears 73
2.6 Hypoid gears 75
2.7 Worm and worm wheel gears 77
2.7.1 Applications of worm and worm wheel in textile
industry 82
2.7.2 Rack and pinion gear 85
2.7.3 Types of rack and pinion gears 86
2.7.4 Applications 86
vi Contents
2.8 Geneva 88
2.8.1 Introduction 88
2.8.2 Advantages of Geneva 88
2.8.3 Disadvantages of Geneva 88
2.8.4 Types of Genevas 89
2.9 Ratchet and Pawl 90
2.9.1 General features 90
2.9.2 Applications of ratchet and pawl in textile industry 92
2.9.3 Compound gear train 93
2.9.4 Reverted gear train 102
2.10 Sun and Planet gear or epicyclic gear or planetary
gear – Special types of gear 102
2.10.1 Applications of epicyclic or planetary gears in
textile industry 124
Chapter 3 Belt, rope and chain drives 135
3.1 History of belt drives 135
3.2 Belt types 136
3.2.1 V-belts 137
3.2.2 Classical V-belts 137
3.2.3 Synchronous belts 138
3.2.4 Link belts 139
3.3 Alignment 140
3.3.1 Advantages belt drives 141
3.3.2 Disadvantages of belt drives 142
3.3.3 Belts used with gear drive 142
3.3.4 Belt tension 143
3.3.5 Materials of belt 145
3.4 Applications of belt drives in textile machineries 147
3.5 Reinforcements 149
3.5.1 Fabrics 149
3.5.2 Belt capacities 151
3.5.3 Capacity calculations 152
Contents vii
3.5.4 Properties of materials 153
3.6 Belt power and tensions 156
3.6.1 Belt power calculation formulae 156
3.6.2 Calculation of maximum tensions 160
3.6.3 Graduated idler spacing 160
3.6.4 Feeder belt calculations 161
3.7 Acceleration and deceleration 162
3.7.1 Accelerating belt conveyors 162
3.7.2 Decelerating belt conveyors 163
3.7.3 Hold back or anti-run devices 164
3.7.4 Counterweight reaction – Accelerating and braking 165
3.7.5 Accelerating and braking forces 166
3.7.6 Application of forces 167
3.7.7 Coasting 167
3.8 Belt carcass selection 168
3.8.1 Belt construction requirements 168
3.8.2 Considerations 169
3.9 Cover gauges and qualities 170
3.9.1 Considerations 170
3.9.2 Selection 171
3.10 Pulley side cover 171
3.10.1 Pulley diameters 171
3.10.2 Parallel face pulleys 173
3.10.3 Crown face pulleys 173
3.10.4 Pulley face width 173
3.11 Design considerations 174
3.11.1 Multiple slope and vertical curve conveyors 174
3.12 Terminal troughing idler arrangements 177
3.13 Take-up arrangements 178
3.14 General data 179
3.14.1 Belt mass and thickness 179
3.14.2 Shipping dimensions and roll sizes 180
viii Contents
3.15 Solid woven belting 180
3.15.1 Belt construction 180
3.15.2 The textile solid woven carcass 180
3.15.3 PVC impregnation 181
3.15.4 Cover material 181
3.16 Belt joints 182
3.16.1 Vulcanised spliced joint 182
3.16.2 Mechanical fasteners 182
3.17 Operating conditions 183
3.17.1 Allowable working tension 183
3.17.2 Pulley diameters 183
3.17.3 Transition lengths 183
3.17.4 Load support and troughability 184
3.17.5 Take-up travel 184
3.18 Belt covers 185
3.18.1 Cover types 185
3.18.2 Cover thickness 185
3.19 Belt protection 185
3.19.1 Transverse reinforcement 185
3.19.2 Rip detection 185
3.20 Effect of centrifugal tension (T ) 215
C
3.21 Rope drives 220
3.21.1 Material of construction 220
3.21.2 Advantages of rope drive 227
3.21.3 Demerits of rope drives 227
3.21.4 Material of construction 227
3.22 Chain drive 232
3.22.1 Textile applications of chain drive 233
3.22.2 Merits of chain drive 234
3.22.3 Chain drives compared 235
3.22.4 Roller chains 235
Contents ix
3.23 Roller chains: Nomenclature and dimensions 238
3.23.1 Standard roller – chain nomenclature 238
3.23.2 Selection of roller-chain drives 238
3.23.3 Drive arrangements 240
3.24 Lubrication and wear 241
3.24.1 Purpose of chain lubrication 241
3.24.2 Lubricant properties 241
3.24.3 Types of chain lubrication 242
3.25 Stepped pulleys and their construction 244
3.25.1 Cone pulley drive for lathe machine 244
3.25.2 Applications of stepped pulley in textile industry 246
Chapter 4 Feed regulation motion in scutcher and simplex 257
4.1 Significance of feed regulation in scutcher 257
4.2 Significance of knock-off motions in scutcher 258
4.3 Types of Knock-off motion in scutcher 259
4.3.1 Worm and Worm wheel knock-off motion 259
4.3.2 Hunting cog 263
4.3.3 Ratchet and Pawl type knock-off motion 266
4.4 Design of cone drums for scutcher 268
4.4.1 Design of profile of cone drum used for simplex 275
4.4.2 Speed frame – Cone drum design illustrations 277
Chapter 5 M echanics of warp winding, warping and
warp sizing 293
5.1 Kinetics of winding 293
5.2 General methods of driving the package 294
5.2.1 General methods of yarn traversing 295
5.2.2 Mechanics of winding in general (inclusive
of winding concept in spinning and weaving) 297
5.3 Package build in precision winding machines 301
5.4 Uniform package build in drum winding 303
