Table Of ContentTextbook of
Medical
Physiology
SECOND EDITION
Indu Khurana, MD
Senior Professor, Department of Physiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical
Sciences, Rohtak, India
Arushi Khurana, MD
Chief Medical Resident, University of Connecticut, School of Medicine,
Hartford, Connecticut, USA
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Table of Contents
Cover image
Title page
Copyright
Dedication
Preface
Part I. General Physiology
Section 1. General Physiology
Introduction
1.1. Functional organization, composition and internal environment of
human body
Functional organization of the human body
Body composition
Internal environment and homeostasis
1.2. The cell physiology
Cell structure
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The cell membrane
Intercellular junctions
1.3. Transport through cell membrane
Passive transport
Active transport
Vesicular transport
Other transport processes
1.4. Membrane potential
Introduction
Genesis of membrane potential
Recording of membrane potential
1.5. Genetics: An overview
Structural and functional characteristics of substrate for genetics
Applied genetics
Part II. Systemic Physiology
Section 2. Nerve Muscle Physiology
Introduction
2.1. The nerve
Functional anatomy
Biological activities
Electrical properties of nerve fibre
Physiological properties of nerve fibres
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Nerve fibre types
Degeneration and regeneration of neurons
Factors promoting neuronal growth
2.2. Neuromuscular junction
Structure of neuromuscular junction
Neuromuscular transmission
Drugs affecting and disorders of neuromuscular junction
2.3. Skeletal muscle
Introduction
Functional anatomy and organization
Process of muscle excitability and contractility
Characteristics of muscle excitability and contractility
Some characteristics of the skeletal muscles in the intact body
Electromyography and common disorders of muscles
Source of energy and metabolic phenomenon during muscle contraction
2.4. Smooth muscle and cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle
Comparison of skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles
Section 3. Blood and Immune System
Introduction
Functions of blood
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Immune system
3.1. Plasma and plasma proteins
Plasma
Plasma proteins
3.2. Red blood cells and anaemias
Characteristic features of red blood cells
Formation of red blood cells
Haemoglobin
Red cell fragility
Lifespan and fate of red blood cells
Bilirubin and jaundice
Anaemias
3.3. White blood cells
White blood cells types and their counts
Formation of white blood cells
Morphology, functions, lifespan and variations in counts of WBCs
Applied aspects
3.4. Immune mechanisms
Introduction
Architecture (components) of immune system
Immunity
Antigens
Antibodies
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Development of immune response
Other immune mechanism-related aspects
3.5. Platelets, haemostasis and blood coagulation
Platelets
Haemostasis
Blood coagulation
Clotting factors
Mechanism of coagulation
Antihaemostatic mechanisms
Bleeding disorders
3.6. Blood groups and blood transfusion
Blood groups
Blood transfusion
Blood components
Section 4. Cardiovascular System
Introduction
Functions of CVS
Physiology of CVS
4.1. Functional anatomy of heart and physiology of cardiac muscle
Functional anatomy of heart
Physiology of cardiac muscle
4.2. Origin and spread of cardiac impulse and electrocardiography
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Origin and spread of cardiac impulse
Electrocardiography
4.3. Heart as a pump: Cardiac cycle, cardiac output, and venous return
Cardiac cycle
Cardiac output and venous return
4.4. Dynamics of circulation: Pressure and flow of blood and lymph
Introduction
Functional organization and structure of vascular system
Haemodynamics
Pressure and flow in various functional segments of systemic vascular tree
Blood pressure
4.5. Cardiovascular regulation
Introduction
Neural control mechanism
Humoral control mechanisms
Local control mechanisms
4.6. Regional circulation
Introduction
Coronary circulation
Cerebral circulation
Cutaneous circulation
Skeletal muscle circulation
Splanchnic circulation
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4.7. Cardiovascular homeostasis in health and disease
Cardiovascular homeostasis in health
Cardiovascular homeostasis in diseases
Section 5. Respiratory System
Introduction
5.1. Respiratory tract: Structure and functions
Functional anatomy
Functions of the respiratory system
5.2. Pulmonary ventilation
Introduction
Mechanics of pulmonary ventilation
Lung volumes and capacities
Pulmonary elastance and compliance
Work of breathing
5.3. Pulmonary circulation
Functional anatomy
Characteristic features of pulmonary circulation
Functions of pulmonary circulation
Regulation of pulmonary blood flow
5.4. Pulmonary diffusion
Introduction
Physics of gas diffusion and gas partial pressures
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Alveolar ventilation
Alveolar ventilation–perfusion ratio
Alveolar air
Diffusion of gases through the respiratory membrane
5.5. Transport of gases
Introduction
Transport of oxygen
Transport of carbon dioxide
5.6. Regulation of respiration
Introduction
Neural regulation of respiration
5.7. Respiration: Applied aspects
Introduction
Respiratory adjustments to stresses in health
Disturbances of respiration
Artificial respiration and cardiopulmonary resuscitation
Pulmonary function tests
Section 6. Excretory System
Introduction
Functions of excretory organs
Overview of excretory system
6.1. Kidneys: Functional anatomy and blood flow
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Functional anatomy of kidneys
Renal blood flow
6.2. Mechanism of urine formation: Glomerular filtration and tubular
transport
Introduction
Glomerular filtration
Tubular reabsorption and secretion
6.3. Concentration, dilution and acidification of urine
Concentration and dilution of urine: A mechanism to regulate urine volume
and osmolality
Acidification of urine
6.4. Regulation of body fluid osmolality, composition and volume
Introduction
Body fluid compartments
Control of body fluid osmolality
Regulation of extracellular fluid volume and composition
Defence of specific ion composition
Disturbances of volume and concentration of body fluid
6.5. Applied renal physiology including renal function tests
Pathophysiology of common renal disorders
Diuretics
Renal function tests
Dialysis and renal transplantation
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6.6. Physiology of micturition
Urinary bladder and urethra
Physiology of micturition
Abnormalities of micturition
Section 7. Gastrointestinal System
Introduction
Functions of gastrointestinal system
Physiology of gastrointestinal tract
7.1. Functional anatomy and general principles of functions of
gastrointestinal system
Functional anatomy
General principles of gastrointestinal functions
7.2. Physiological activities in mouth, pharynx and oesophagus
Introduction
Mastication
Lubrication of food by saliva
Deglutition (swallowing)
7.3. Physiological activities in stomach
Functional anatomy
Physiology of gastric secretion
Physiology of gastric motility
Functions of stomach
Applied aspects
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7.4. Pancreas, liver and gallbladder
Pancreas
Liver and gallbladder
7.5. Physiological activities in small intestine
Functional anatomy
Small intestinal secretions
Motility of small intestine
Functions of small intestine
Applied aspects
7.6. Physiological activities in large intestine
Functional anatomy
Large intestinal secretions and bacterial activity
Motility of large intestine
Defaecation
Functions of large intestine
Applied aspects
7.7. Digestion and absorption
Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates
Digestion and absorption of proteins
Digestion and absorption of fats
Absorption of water, electrolytes, minerals and vitamins
Applied aspects
Section 8. Endocrinal System
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Introduction
Relationship between endocrine and neural physiology
Organization of endocrine system
8.1. General principles of endocrinal system
Hormones: Definition and classification
Hormones: General considerations
Hormone: Receptors and mechanism of action
Measurement of hormones
8.2. Endocrinal functions of hypothalamus and pituitary gland
Introduction and functional anatomy
Endocrinal aspects of hypothalamus
Anterior pituitary hormones
Posterior pituitary hormones
8.3. Thyroid gland
Functional anatomy
Thyroid hormones
Applied aspects of thyroid hormones
8.4. Endocrinal control of calcium metabolism and bone physiology
Introduction
Calcium, phosphorus and magnesium metabolism
Bone physiology
Calcitropic hormones
Applied aspects
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8.5. Adrenal glands
Functional anatomy
Hormones of adrenal cortex
Applied aspects
Hormones of adrenal medulla
8.6. Pancreatic and gastrointestinal hormones
Endocrine pancreas
Applied aspects
Gastrointestinal hormones
8.7. Endocrinal functions of other organs and local hormones
Hormones of the heart
Hormones of the kidney
Pineal gland
Thymus
Local hormones
Section 9. Reproductive System
Introduction
9.1. Sexual growth and development
Prepubertal sexual growth and development
Puberty and adolescence
9.2. Male reproductive physiology
An overview of male reproductive system
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