Textbook and Color Atlas of Traumatic Injuries to the Teeth

913 Pages·2016·56.86 MB·English

by  Andreasen J.

Textbook and Color Atlas of
Traumatic Injuries to the Teeth

Textbook and Color Atlas of
Traumatic Injuries to the Teeth
Fourth Edition
Edited by
J. O. Andreasen
F. M. Andreasen
L. Andersson
© 1981,1994 by Munksgaard,Copenhagen,Denmark
© 2007 Blackwell Munksgaard
A Blackwell Publishing Company
Blackwell Publishing editorial offices:
Blackwell Publishing Ltd,9600 Garsington Road,Oxford OX4 2DQ,UK
Tel:[phone]
Blackwell Publishing Professional,2121 State Avenue,Ames,Iowa 50014-8300,USA
Tel:[phone]
Blackwell Publishing Asia Pty Ltd,550 Swanston Street,Carlton,Victoria 3053,Australia
Tel:[phone]
The right ofthe Author to be identified as the Author ofthis Work has been asserted in accordance with the
Copyright,Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved.No part ofthis publication may be reproduced,stored in a retrieval system,or transmitted,in
any form or by any means,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording or otherwise,except as permitted by the
UK Copyright,Designs and Patents Act 1988,without the prior permission ofthe publisher.
Second edition published 1981 by Munksgaard
Third edition published 1994 by Munksgaard
Fourth edition published 2007 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd
ISBN:978-1-4051-2954-1
A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library and the Library ofCongress
For further information on Blackwell Publishing,visit our website:
www.blackwellmunksgaard.com
Contents
Contributors x Pulp-dentin regeneration after trauma 126
Preface xiii Growing teeth 129
Implant/transplant teeth 130
1 Wound Healing Subsequent to Injury 1 Essentials 130
F.G,S.SJ& References 131
J.O.A
Definition 1 4 Osteoclastic Activity 137
Nature ofa traumatic injury 1 S.F.L,C.W.D,A.M.P,
Wound healing biology 1 M.T& S.S
Dynamics ofwound repair 4
Osteoclast histogenesis 137
Types ofwound after injury 8
Osteoclast morphology 138
Tissues and compounds in wound healing 9
Odontoclast function 139
Inflammatory phase mediators 13
Regulation ofosteoclast activity 143
Cells in wound healing 18
Identification ofosteoclasts and odontoclasts 146
Angiogenesis 29
Osteoclast activity in general 148
Wound strength development 32
Inflammation and mediators ofhard tissue
Remodeling phase 35
resorption 148
Microenvironnent in wounds 37
Essentials 160
Factors affecting the wound healing process 39
References 160
Optimizing oral wound healing 43
Essentials 43
5 Physical and Chemical Methods to
References 44
Optimize Pulpal and Periodontal
Healing After Traumatic Injuries 172
2 Response ofOral Tissues to Trauma 62
J.O.A& H.L M.T
Treatment strategies 173
Repair and regeneration oforal tissues 62
General strategies 175
Developing teeth 63
Fluoride pre-treatment ofthe root 189
Teeth with developed roots 72
Essentials 194
Dentin-pulp complex 84
References 194
Essentials 95
References 96
6 Socio-Psychological Aspects ofTraumatic
3 Stem Cells and Regeneration of Dental Injuries 197
Injured Dental Tissue 114 W.M& U.R
H.L,W.V.G,
Introduction 197
M.J.S,Q.J& J.O.A
Socio-psychological impacts oftraumatic dental
Introduction 114 injuries 198
The stem cell 114 Stages ofpsychological development 199
Tissue engineering 121 Implications for treatment 200
Periodontal tissue regeneration 123 Treatment plan 201
Cementum engineering 124 Talking to children 203
v
vi Contents
Essentials 204 Provisional treatment ofcrown fractures 288
References 205 Definitive treatment ofcrown fractures 288
Reattachment ofthe original crown fragment 290
7 Child Physical Abuse 207 Laminate veneers in the treatment ofcrown
R.R.W fractures 297
Prognosis ofcrown fractures 301
Child physical abuse – a definition 207 Essentials 303
Child physical abuse – historical aspects 207 References 304
Prevalence 207
Etiology 208 11 Crown-Root Fractures 314
Diagnosis 208 J.O.A,F.M.A & M.T
Types oforofacial injuries in child physical abuse 209
Terminology,frequency and etiology 314
Bruising 209
Clinical findings 314
Human hand marks 209
Radiographic findings 315
Bizarre bruises 210
Healing and pathology 318
Abrasions and lacerations 210
Treatment 318
Burns 211
Essentials 332
Bite marks 211
References 334
Dental trauma 211
Eye injuries 211
12 Root Fractures 337
Bone fractures 212
F.M.A,J.O.A& M.C
Differential diagnosis 213
The dentist’s role in the management ofchild Terminology,frequency and etiology 337
physical abuse 213 Clinical findings 337
Essentials 214 Radiographic findings 338
References 215 Healing and pathology 340
Treatment 351
8 Classification,Epidemiology and Etiology 217 Prognosis 358
U.G,W.M& J.O.A Follow-up 358
Orthodontic treatment ofroot fractured teeth 364
Classification 217
Predictors ofhealing 364
Epidemiology 223
Essentials 366
Etiology 228
References 367
Unintentional traumatic dental injuries 229
Intentional traumatic dental injuries 233 13 Luxation Injuries ofPermanent Teeth:
Mechanisms oftraumatic dental injuries 235 General Findings 372
Essentials 243 F.M.A& J.O.A
References 244
Terminology,frequency and etiology 372
Clinical findings 372
9 Examination and Diagnosis ofDental
Radiographic findings 373
Injuries 255
Healing and pathology 374
F.M.A,J.O.A&
Periodontal ligament (PDL) 374
M.T
Pulp 374
History 255 Treatment 376
Clinical examination 258 Prognosis 376
Radiographic examination 267 Pulp necrosis 377
Effect oftreatment delay 271 Pulp canal obliteration 385
Essentials 273 Root resorption 386
References 274 Loss ofmarginal bone support 393
Essentials 395
10 Crown Fractures 280 References 397
F.M.A& J.O.A
14 Concussion and Subluxation 404
Terminology,frequency and etiology 280
F.M.A& J.O.A
Clinical findings 281
Radiographic findings 282 Definitions 404
Healing and pathology 282 Healing and pathology 404
Treatment 285 Concussion 404
Contents vii
Subluxation 404 18 Injuries to the Supporting Bone 489
Radiographic findings 404 J.O.A
Treatment 404
Terminology,frequency and etiology 489
Follow-up 405
Clinical findings 489
Complications 405
Radiographic findings 492
Predictors for healing 409
Pathology 495
Essentials 410
Treatment 498
References 410
Fractures ofthe mandible or maxilla 500
Prognosis 504
15 Extrusive Luxation and Lateral Luxation 411 Fractures ofthe mandible or maxilla in children 505
F.M.A& J.O.A Fractures ofthe mandible or maxilla in adults 507
Essentials 511
Definitions 411
References 511
Healing and pathology 411
Clinical findings 411
19 Injuries to the Primary Dentition 516
Radiographic findings 411
M.T.F,G.H,M.B&
Treatment 412
J.O.A
Prognosis 415
Pulp necrosis 418 Introduction 516
Pulp canal obliteration 418 Epidemiology and etiology 517
Root resorption (external) 418 Clinical and radiographic findings and treatment
Marginal bone loss 418 ofvarious injury types 523
Predictors ofhealing 425 Fractures secondary to chin trauma 533
Tooth survival 425 Complications in the primary dentition 533
Essentials 426 Essentials 537
References 427 References 539
16 Intrusive Luxation 428 20 Injuries to Developing Teeth 542
J.O.A& F.M.A J.O.A& M.T.F
Definition 428 Terminology,frequency and etiology 542
Healing and pathology 428 Clinical,radiographic and pathologic findings 546
Clinical findings 428 Treatment 564
Radiographic findings 429 Essentials 569
Treatment 432 References 571
Prognosis 437
Diagnosis ofhealing complications 438 21 Soft Tissue Injuries 577
Predictors for healing 442 L.A& J.O.A
Essentials 442
Terminology,frequency and etiology 577
References 443
Types ofsoft tissue trauma 578
Emergency management 579
17 Avulsions 444 Wound closure materials and principles 587
J.O.A& F.M.A Antibiotic prophylaxis 592
Tetanus prophylaxis 594
Terminology,frequency and etiology 444
Essentials 594
Clinical findings 444
References 595
Radiographic findings 444
Healing and pathology 444
22 Endodontic Management and the Use
Treatment ofthe avulsed tooth 459
ofCalcium Hydroxide in Traumatized
Prognosis 466
Permanent Teeth 598
Tooth loss 466
M.C
Pulp necrosis 466
Root resorption 470 Crown fractures with dentin exposure 598
Root development and disturbances in root growth 475 Crown fractures with pulp exposure 600
Gingival healing and loss ofmarginal attachment 476 Clinical evaluation ofpulp healing 610
Complications due to early loss ofteeth 476 Root fractures 611
Essentials 478 Luxated or avulsed and replanted teeth 615
References 480 Treatment ofimmature teeth 621
viii Contents
Timing ofendodontic procedure after replantation 625 Factors influencing the survival ofresin-bonded
Treatment ofmature teeth 632 bridges 736
External inflammatory root resorption 632 Essentials 736
Late external inflammatory root resorption 636 References 737
Root canal resorption (internal resorption) 638
Pulp necrosis following pulp canal obliteration 639 27 Autotransplantation ofTeeth to the
Crown malformations 643 Anterior Region 740
Discoloration ofnon-vital teeth 644 J.O.A,L.A& M.T
Essentials 645
Treatment planning 740
References 647
Surgical procedure 743
Orthodontic treatment oftransplanted teeth 749
23 New Endodontic Procedures using Prognosis 754
Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) for Essentials 759
Teeth with Traumatic Injuries 658 References 759
L.K.B
28 Implants in the Anterior Region 761
Introduction 658 J.O.A,J.Ö,C.H,
Pulp capping and partial pulpotomy 659 D.B,T.VA,J.J,S.E.N&
Apexification 662 O.S
Root fractures 663
Essentials 666 Indications for implants in trauma patients 761
References 666 Treatment with implants in a trauma situation –
when to give up? 761
Treatment planning 763
24 Orthodontic Management ofthe
Timing ofimplant insertion in relation to jaw
Traumatized Dentition 669
O.M& B.M growth 763
Timing ofimplant placement following tooth
Diagnosis and treatment planning 669 extraction 764
Factors in treatment planning 670 Biologic and surgical aspects for implant therapy
General treatment principles 675 after loss oftraumatized teeth 767
Specific treatment principles for various trauma Ideal implant position in esthetic sites 769
types 684 The concept ofcomfort and danger zones 770
Replanted teeth 696 To create and maintain a normal appearing gingiva 771
Prognosis 703 To create and maintain a normal appearing alveolar
Essentials 709 process 771
References 711 Preoperative evaluation 772
Standard insertion in single gaps with good bone
25 Restoration ofTraumatized Teeth with volume 773
Resin Composites 716 Surgical procedure in single tooth gaps with
U.P& J.W.V.VD doubtful bone volume 773
Horizontal augmentation 776
Long-term prognosis ofcomposite restorations 716
GBR technique:simultaneous approach 777
Material considerations 718
GBR technique:staged approach 777
Clinical implications 721
Rationale for the described techniques 779
Critical points in the restorative procedure 721
Vertical augmentation by bone transplantation 781
Essentials 726
Vertical augmentation by alveolar distraction
References 727
osteogenesis 783
Long-term results 785
26 Resin-related Bridges and Conventional Causes and predictors offailure 785
Bridges in the Anterior Region 729 Patient satisfaction 789
N.H.J.C& C.M.K Essentials 789
References 790
Treatment planning 729
The ‘dynamic treatment’concept 729
29 Esthetic Considerations in Restoring
Direct resin-bonded bridges 731
the Traumatized Dentition:a Biologic
Indirect resin-bonded bridges 731
Approach 798
Conventional bridges 735
B.U.Z& S.T
Prognosis ofresin-bonded bridges and
comparison with alternative prosthodontic Replacement ofa missing maxillary central incisor 798
treatments 735 Orthodontic space closure treatment 798