Tetun Dili: A grammar of an East Timorese language

148 Pages·2002·14.267 MB·English

by  Catharina Williams-van Klinken, John Hajek, Rachel Nordlinger

TetDuinl i
A grammoafar n
EasTti morleasneg uage
Hajek, J., Van Klinken, C.W. and Nordlinger, R. Tetun Dili: A grammar of an East Timorese language.
PL-528, xiv + 132 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 2002. DOI:10.15144/PL-528.cover
©2002 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative.
Alsoi nP acifLiicn guistics
CathavraiKnn lai nk1e9n9,9A . g rammoaftr h Fee hadni aloefTc ett uAnn:A ustronesian
languoafWg esetT imor.
ChraleEs.G rim(edes. 2)0,0 0S.pi cefrso mt hEea sPta:p esr inl anguaofgE eass tern
Inodnesia.
JohBnow de2n0,0 1Ta.b Dae:s pctriioofan S ouHtahl maahl earngu.a ge
CatorniHay sl2o0p0,1T h.Le o lodvioallioef t chtNe o trha-sEAtm balea nguVaanguea,t u.
FaWyo uakn Mda lcoRloms s (2e0d0.s1T )h,he i staonrytd py ologoyfw estAeurns tronesian
voiscyes tems.
PaciLfiincg uiissat piubcsls ihesrpc eilaisiinngg r ammaarnsdl iunigsdteiscic portnis,
dicntairoianeodst hmeart aelrosinl naguaogfet shP eac iftihcPe,h l iippinIensd,o nEeassita ,
Timosro,u thaenasdso tuA tshi aan,Ad u stiraa.l
PaciLfiincg uiessttiacbsli,in1 s 9h6te3hd r oaunig nhi iagtlr afnortmt hHeu ntDeoru glas
Funids,a ssotcewidia tthh e eRaerSscchh ooofPl a ciafniAdcs iSatnu daitte hsAe u stirnaa l
NatioUnnvaielr sTihteEy d.i toBroriadao lf PaLciinfgiucii ssmta iduceps o ft haec adce mi
stfafo f stchhe'o Dsoel partomfLe inntg uiTshtei casua.tn hedod risto ofPr asc iLfiincg uistics
publicaartdeir oanwfsnr oamw ied ranignes toift aurtoiutonhndwe so rlPdu.b licaartei ons
referbeyse cdh roswl iatrhe leevxaprnetstie w,h oa rues ulaynl omte mbeorfts h e editorial
board.
The4 7p0u blicbaetfioPorunebcs la it5i0ow1ne rneum berienfd o usree rsi,B ,AC ,a nd
D,b utth see rwieersme e rgferdo tmh bee ginonfti hnyege a2r0 0b0e catuhsreeta ionfaolre
thehma gdr aadludlsiypa peared.
FOUNDIENDGI OTR: StepAh.eW nur m
EDITORIBAOALR D: MalcoDl.Rm o sJso,hB now deann Dda rlrTle.T ryon
(ManaEgdiintgo rs),
IW ayaAnr kAan,dr ePwa lwePya,uS liw dell
ShortGerra mmar
PacifiLci nguis5t2i8c s
TetuDni li
A grammaorf a n
EasTti morelsaen guage
CathariWnial liams-Kvlainn ken,
JohnH ajek
and
RacheNlo rdlinger
PacifLiicn guistics
ResearScchh ooolfP acifaincdA siaSnt udies
TheA ustralNiaatni onUanli versity
---------------------------------------------------,
PublibsyPh aecdiL fiincg uistics
ResrecaShc hooofPl a cifiAcs niSa atnudd ies
ThAeu stirnaaN lational University
CanbreaAr CT 0200
Austiraa l
Copyr©i Tghhaetu otrhs
Firpsultbi s2h0e0d2
NatioLnirabalro yfA usratilCaa talnogg-uiin-Puebnltircya:t ion
Wililmas-nvK aliennCk,a tharina Lumien.
TetDuinl Ai g:r ammoafar nE asTti morlenasgeu age
Biblihoyg rap
Inucdleisn dex
ISB0N8 58580369
1.T etuml angua-Igned one-sTiiam oTri mu-rG rammar.
2.Te tumla ngua-gMeo rpholo3g.yT .e tulmn aguag-eP honology.
1N.o rdlinger, IRIaH.ac jheekJl,o. h ni.l Alu.s tralian
NationUanli versRietsye.a rScchh ooolfP acifaincdA sian
StudiPeasc.i fLiicn guiss.tI iVc.T itl(eP.a ciLfiincg uis5t2ic0s) .
499.225
Covdeers ibgyEn m liByr iesnsden
Prinatnebddo ubndyU niOofnsf ePtr inFtyesrhsw,Ci acbnke,r ra
Contents
1. Introduction 1
................................................. ......................................................
1.1L anguoavgeer v.i.e.w.. ............................................1... .............. .....
. . . . . . . .. ... .
1.2V ariaatnirdoe ng i.s.t.e.r. .....................................3.. ...............................
. . . . .
1.3P ervioruesse oarnTc eht. u.n. .....................4.. ............................................
. .
1.4D ataan adp profaotcrhh si tsu .d.y. ..................5... ... ..................................
. .
1.5L angusatgreue .c .tu.r.............................................. ...5... ...................
. . . . . . .. . . .
1.6S atndasradti.i.on. ............................................6.. .........................................
1.7O rthpohg.ry.a ...............................................................6.... ......... ........
. .. .. . . . .
2. Phonology 8
...........................................................................................................
2.1C onson.a.n.t.s. ......................................................8.. ...............................
. . . . .
21..1I ntroduction 8
2.1.S2t ops 9
2.1.F3rc iatives 9
2.1.O4t hceorn sonants 10
2.2V owe.l.s.. ..................................................1....1.... ............ ....................
. .. . . . .
2.12 .Thbe asviocw els 11
2.2.D2i phthongs 12
2.2.N3a ssaaltiion 12
2.42 .Reducotfi ocno mpaonurdne uddpsl ications 12
2.3S traensvdso wleeln .gt.h. .................1..2.. ..................................................
.
2.4P honot.a.c.t.i..c..s.. ...........................................1..3.. ...........................
. . . . . . . . .
3. Wordc lasses 14
....................................................................................................
31. Introd.u.c..t.i..o..n. ..................................................1...4.... .........................
. .
3.2N ominaanvlde rcbalslas e.s. ................1.4 ..................................................
3.3O thweorr cdls as.e.s .......................................1..5.. ......................................
v
4. Morphology 17
......................................................................................................
4.1O verv.i.e.w. ..............................................................1..7... ....................
. . . . . . .
4.2A fxfaitianozdne rdoev rait.i.o.n ....................................1..7.. .....................
.
4.12 .Devriatfioromni tnrsainttiocv aeu savteirvbe 17
4.2.D2e rvia tfioromnn outnov erb 18
4.2.D3e rviatfioromnv erobra jdecttioav bes tnroaucnt 19
4.2.D4e tnrsaitidveirsiivnagt ion 19
4.2.D5e rivoaftai cotnnoo ru annsad jd ectives 20
4.21. -5d.6r 20
4.2.-5et.n2 20
4.2.n5a.i3n 21
4.3R edupli.c.a.t.i.o.n.. ................................................................2..1.. ..........
. . . . .
4.13 .Iteration 21
4.3.C2o llectivity 21
4.3.D3e vriinagd vefrorbmsa jdcetives 22
4.4C ompou.n.d.s. ..........................................................2....2.... ....... ..........
. .. . . . .
44..1I ntroduction 22
4.4.N2o mincaolm pounds 23
4.4.O3t her 24
5. Noupn harses 25
...................................................................................................
51. Basinco un pshtrrausc.et. u.r.e.. ......................................25. ...................
. . . . .
5.2P ornou.n..s.. .........................................................2...6... . .....................
. .. . . . . .
5.3D eterm.i..n...er..s.. .................................2.7.. .. ........................
. . .. . ... . .... . . . . . . . ..
5.13 .Introduction 27
5.3.D2e mosnt rvaetsi 27
5.33 .Itnerrvoegsa ti 29
53..4 id'ao nae', 30
53..5s iar' PLURAL'a nPdo trugupelrsuael s 30
5.3.Q6u aniteirfs 31
5.73 .Other 32
54. Posseasnsadis vseo ccioantsitvre.u .ct.i..o..n..s... ......................3...3... .......
. .
54..1O verview 33
54..2O rdoefrp osseasnspdoo rs sessum 34
54..3C ombtiinooafn t'wpoo ssessors' 35
54..4G enihteiavde- marking 36
5.5N oupnh raassme o diie.fr. ..........................................3....6.... ...... ..............
. .
5.6A djectpihvrea. s.e.. ....................................3..6.. ........................................
. .
VI
5.7N umerpahlr a.s.e. ...................................................3...7.. ......... ..............
. . . . . .
5.17 .Numerals 37
5.7.N2u mercalslasi iefrs 39
5.8C omplemoefnn otus.n ..s.. ...................4.0. ...............................................
. . .
6. Prepositions 41
......................................................................................................
6.1I ntrod.u.c.t.i.o.n ..................4.1. ....................................................................
6.2i h'LaO C'. ........................4.3. .......................................................................
6.3b am,a 'i t(ol ocapteirosnfo,on(r )p ,se nor).'. ...........44. ..............................
6.4h os'rifo 'mt,6' uln.t'..i ...........................................4..5.. ....... .......
.. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.5h oh,o dLio,'r iiw t'.h ..........................................4..5.. ...........................
. . . . . . . .
6.6T empoprraelsp ioti..o..n..s. ....................4..5.. ... ........................................
. . .
6.16 .Introduction 45
6.6.'2eb fo'r e 46
6.6.'3d urfionrg', 46
66..4 'fater' 46
6.6.'5rf oms,i n'c e 47
6.6.'6nu itl' 47
6.7O thpeerrp osi.t.i.o..n...s..... ..........................4.8. ................................
. . . . . . . . . . .
7. Basic clauses 51
.....................................................................................................
71. Verbcalulas e.s. ...................................................5..1.. .........................
. . . . . . . .
71.1. Basicclu asoer der 51
7.1.S2ub ejcatn odjb cet 52
71..3O bjefcortn ting 53
71..4S ubejc-tobejc-tve(robjb cetic norptoiroan) 55
71..5E xsitenatnipdao ls sessive 55
71..6O thveerr bj-csetcu lbuases 56
71..7V ertbask aijdnegvc atclio mplements 57
7.2' oBdy-geoxoepdsr's i.o.n.s. .........................5..7.. ...................... ...............
. . .
7.3O thneorvn e-rcbalulas e..s. ......................................6..0... ...................
. . . . . . . .
74. Recip.r.o.c...a..l. ..............................................6..1.. ................................
. . . . .
7.5R eefxli.ve.s. .....................6.3. ......................................................................
7.6I ntroegrat.i.ve..s.. ....................................................6..4.. ........................
. . . . .
7.16 .Informianettriroonvg eaastn itdh eainrs wers 64
7.6.P2ol raa nadl ternqauteisvteai notdnh sea inrs wers 67
7.7C ommanadnsid n itvati..o..n..s.. ...................6..9.. ... ..............................
. . . . . .
7.8F oc(umsa .k.) ...............................................6..9. ....................................
. . . . .
7.9P eprhiecraolnt sutei.n.t..s. .....................................7. 1.. .......................
. . . . . . .. .
Vll
8. Clausmaoldi icfat.i.o.n. ...................................7.3 ...........................................
. . . .
81. Introduc..tio.n.. ...... 73
........ ........... . ...... . . . ......................................................
8.2T ense-aspect . . 73
....................................................... ........ ...........................
8.12 .Introduction 74
8.2.F2o counst hceo mpleevteendt 74
8.21. t2i.h'PaER EFCTIV'E 75
8.2.o2n.'aA2N TERIO'R 75
8.2.t2i.oh3an aPE R'FEC'T 76
82.2..4h ot'ubf eni ished' 77
8.2.f2oi.n'5 o njluysv te,rr yee cnyt'l 77
82..2l.a6'Fi IR STb, eofrdeo ing isnoegml esteh' 78
82..2k.e7d 'aIMsMED , ina dvnacei,me mdiyat'e l 79
8.2.F3o counst hmei dldec:o ntinuity 79
8.21. h3e.l'CaO NTINUO'U S 79
8.2.d3au.da2u 'kPR OGRSESVIE' 80
8.2.s3e.'it3s li 'lse,i d'anuyoket t ' 81
8.2.n3faa.t4i' nc ontinue' 82
82..4F uture 82
82.4..1s e'iF1J TURE' 82
82..4a.t2'uIR R EALIS' 83
8.3D eonmtoidca lity .. . .84
........................... ................................ ................... ...
8.13 .Introduction 84
8.3.b2e l'ecn a,m ay' 84
8.3.l3a lik'an(enneo)dt ' 86
8.43 .ket'PaR OHIBIT'I VE 86
8.3.t5e n'kmiu st' 87
84. Negation 87
...................................................................................................
8.5I nteinesrcisof,mr paavteis,u perla.tive 89
...... ...............................................
8.6M annmeord iiefrs ... ..... .......... 91
...................... . ................ . ..... . . . ... . ... ............
9. Serivaelr absn dc ausactoinvset ru.c.t.i.o.n.s. ..........9.3. ...................................
91. Introdu.ction . . ... .. . 93
.... ......................................................... .. . ..... ................
9.2M otoin-catisoenaril siati..o.n . .............. .. 94
. .. ............... . .... . . . ... . ...................
9.3M otoin-edcitrsieoirnas laition 94
.................................................................
9.4I nstrumeinatltaiilso ans er . 95
.............................. ..........................................
9.5O thsehrra ed-su.b.j.e.c.t. ......................................9...7... ....................... .......
viii
----------------------------------,
----- ---
9.6C ausa.t..i.o..n.. ...............................................................9....7.... ... ..........
. .. . .
9.16 .Introduction 97
9.6.h2a p-rieaxftion 97
9.6.C3o nstruwcitthihao l'noms a kdeo,' 98
9.6.C4a usautsiio6nn' g igfev' 99
9.6.R5e sultsaetrviievarelb s 100
10.C omplseexn tences 102
........................................................................................
10.I1n trod.u.c...t..i.o..n. ..........................................1..0...2... .............. ..............
.. .
10.T2o pi.c.s. .........................................................................1....0...2... ..........
.. . .
10.P3a rait.sa. x................................................................1...0...3... ..................
... .
10.P4h raasnacdll u ascaolo rdi.n.a..t.i...o.....n.... ..................1...0 ..3.. ..........
. .. .. ..
10.4I.n1t roduction 103
10.4C.o2nu jnction 104
10.4D.i3js nuction 105
10.C5o mplecmleuanste. s. ............................................1....0...6 .................
. ..... . .
10.15 .Introduction 106
10.5.S2e ntential complements 106
10.5.R3e ducceodm plements 108
10.A6d vercbluiasa.els. .............................................1..1..0. .....................
.. .... .. . .
10.16 I.ntroduction 110
10.6T.e2m poral 110
10.6.R3e ason 111
10.6P.u4r pose 112
10.6C.o5n dition 113
10.6C.o6n cession 113
10.O7t hmeera nosfc onnecctluiasnegs. .........................1..1...4... ......... ......
.... ...
10.R8e lactliuavsee. s. ..............................................................1.1.5. ............
.. .. ..
Texts 118
.........................................................................................................................
Tex1t:H itsorbye hisnedt tuipan nNg O O. .............................1... 1...8... ............
..
Tex2t:W hyp eopclree daittesu rba.n..c..e..s.. ..............................1...2. .0. .......
. . . ..
Tex3t:O uers cafoprmet hmei li..t...i.a. ...............................1... 2..2.. ............
.... .. .
Tex4t:A prersesp .o.r..t. ...........................................................1... .2....5.... .....
.. .. .
Tex5t:A gosppeolr t.i..o.n ...........................................1.. .2...6.. .....................
... . .
Reefren.c.e.s. ..............................1.2.7. ...........................................................................
Inde.x.. .................................1.3.0. .................................................................................
ix
Lisotf t ables
TableC o2n.s1o:n ants . 8
................................................................................................
Tabl1e:P e5r.sopnroaonlu n.s. ....................2.6. ............................................................
Tab5l.e2N u merals 38
...................................................................................................
Tab5l3.e:N umercalslasi iefrs. ... . 40
............... ...............................................................
Tab6l.e:1 L ocatnioounn s . . ....4 2
.............................................................................. .....
Tab8l1.e: I nteines.ri.sf. ................................8..9.. .................................................... .....
x