Table Of Contentwww.it-ebooks.info
www.it-ebooks.info
SECOND EDITION
Test-Driven Infrastructure
with Chef
Stephen Nelson-Smith
www.it-ebooks.info
Test-Driven Infrastructure with Chef, Second Edition
by Stephen Nelson-Smith
Copyright © 2014 Atalanta Systems LTD.. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America.
Published by O’Reilly Media, Inc., 1005 Gravenstein Highway North, Sebastopol, CA 95472.
O’Reilly books may be purchased for educational, business, or sales promotional use. Online editions are
also available for most titles (http://my.safaribooksonline.com). For more information, contact our corporate/
institutional sales department: 800-998-9938 or [email protected].
Editors: Mike Loukides and Meghan Blanchette Cover Designer: Randy Comer
Production Editor: Melanie Yarbrough Interior Designer: David Futato
Proofreader: Elise Morrison Illustrator: Rebecca Demarest
Indexer: WordCo Indexing Services
October 2013: Second Edition
Revision History for the Second Edition:
2013-10-10: First release
See http://oreilly.com/catalog/errata.csp?isbn=9781449372200 for release details.
Nutshell Handbook, the Nutshell Handbook logo, and the O’Reilly logo are registered trademarks of O’Reilly
Media, Inc. Test-Driven Infrastructure with Chef, the cover image of an edible-nest swiftlet, and related trade
dress are trademarks of O’Reilly Media, Inc.
Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as
trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and O’Reilly Media, Inc., was aware of a trade‐
mark claim, the designations have been printed in caps or initial caps.
While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher and authors assume
no responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from the use of the information contained
herein.
ISBN: 978-1-449-37220-0
[LSI]
www.it-ebooks.info
Table of Contents
Preface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
1. The Philosophy of Test-Driven Infrastructure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Underpinning Philosophy 2
Infrastructure as Code 2
The Origins of Infrastructure as Code 3
The Principles of Infrastructure as Code 5
The Risks of Infrastructure as Code 7
Professionalism 8
2. An Introduction to Ruby. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
What Is Ruby? 13
Grammar and Vocabulary 15
Methods and Objects 17
Identifiers 19
More About Methods 22
Classes 25
Arrays 27
Conditional logic 30
Hashes 32
Truthiness 34
Operators 35
Bundler 37
3. An Introduction to Chef. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Exercise 1: Install Chef 47
Objectives 47
Directions 47
Worked Example 48
iii
www.it-ebooks.info
Discussion 49
Exercise 2: Install a User 54
Objectives 54
Directions 54
Worked Example 54
Discussion 57
Exercise 3: Install an IRC Client 61
Objectives 61
Directions 61
Worked Example 62
Discussion 66
Exercise 4: Install Git 70
Objectives 70
Directions 70
Worked Example 71
Discussion 74
4. Using Chef with Tools. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Exercise 1: Ruby 81
Objectives 81
Directions 81
Worked Example 82
Discussion 91
Exercise 2: Virtualbox 106
Objectives 107
Directions 107
Worked example 107
Discussion 110
Exercise 3: Vagrant 113
Objectives 113
Directions 113
Worked Example 114
Discussion 118
Conclusion 122
5. An Introduction to Test- and Behavior-Driven Development. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
The Principles of TDD and BDD 125
A Very Brief History of Agile Software Development 125
Test-Driven Development 126
Behavior-Driven Development 127
TDD and BDD with Ruby 129
Minitest: Unit Testing for the 21st Century 129
iv | Table of Contents
www.it-ebooks.info
RSpec: The Transition to BDD 133
Cucumber: Acceptance Testing for the Masses 138
6. A Test-Driven Infrastructure Framework. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Test-Driven Infrastructure: A Conceptual Framework 156
Test-Driven Infrastructure Should Be Mainstream 156
Test-Driven Infrastructure Should Be Automated 157
Test-Driven Infrastructure Should Be Side-Effect Aware 158
Test-Driven Infrastructure Should Be Continuously Integrated 158
Test-Driven Infrastructure Should Be Outside In 159
Test-Driven Infrastructure Should Be Test-First 160
The Pillars of Test-Driven Infrastructure 161
Writing Tests 161
Running Tests 162
Provisioning Machines 162
Feedback of Results 163
7. Test-Driven Infrastructure: A Recommended Toolchain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Tool Selection 166
Unit Testing 167
Integration Testing 167
Acceptance Testing 168
Testing Workflow 170
Supporting Tools: Berkshelf 173
Overview 173
Getting Started 174
Example 175
Advantages and Disadvantages 185
Summary and Conclusion 186
Supporting Tools: Test Kitchen 186
Overview 186
Getting Started 187
Summary and Conclusion 189
Acceptance Testing: Cucumber and Leibniz 190
Overview 190
Getting Started 192
Example 194
Advantages and Disadvantages 210
Summary and Conclusion 212
Integration Testing: Test Kitchen with Serverspec and Bats 213
Introducing Bats 220
Introducing Serverspec 220
Table of Contents | v
www.it-ebooks.info
Templates 233
Integration Testing: Minitest Handler 243
Overview 244
Getting Started 245
Example 251
Advantages and Disadvantages 257
Summary and Conclusion 257
Unit Testing: Chefspec 257
Overview 258
Getting Started 259
Example 260
Advantages and Disadvantages 268
Summary and Conclusion 269
Static Analysis and Linting Tools 270
Overview 270
Getting Started 271
Example 274
Advantages and Disadvantages 279
Summary and Conclusion 279
To Conclude 279
8. Epilogue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
A. Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
vi | Table of Contents
www.it-ebooks.info
Preface
Conventions Used in This Book
The following typographical conventions are used in this book:
Italic
Indicates new terms, URLs, email addresses, filenames, and file extensions.
Constant width
Used for program listings, as well as within paragraphs to refer to program elements
such as variable or function names, databases, data types, environment variables,
statements, and keywords.
Constant width bold
Shows commands or other text that should be typed literally by the user.
Constant width italic
Shows text that should be replaced with user-supplied values or by values deter‐
mined by context.
This icon signifies a tip, suggestion, or general note.
This icon indicates a warning or caution.
vii
www.it-ebooks.info
Safari® Books Online
Safari Books Online is an on-demand digital library that delivers
expert content in both book and video form from the world’s lead‐
ing authors in technology and business.
Technology professionals, software developers, web designers, and business and crea‐
tive professionals use Safari Books Online as their primary resource for research, prob‐
lem solving, learning, and certification training.
Safari Books Online offers a range of product mixes and pricing programs for organi‐
zations, government agencies, and individuals. Subscribers have access to thousands of
books, training videos, and prepublication manuscripts in one fully searchable database
from publishers like O’Reilly Media, Prentice Hall Professional, Addison-Wesley Pro‐
fessional, Microsoft Press, Sams, Que, Peachpit Press, Focal Press, Cisco Press, John
Wiley & Sons, Syngress, Morgan Kaufmann, IBM Redbooks, Packt, Adobe Press, FT
Press, Apress, Manning, New Riders, McGraw-Hill, Jones & Bartlett, Course Technol‐
ogy, and dozens more. For more information about Safari Books Online, please visit us
online.
How to Contact Us
Please address comments and questions concerning this book to the publisher:
O’Reilly Media, Inc.
1005 Gravenstein Highway North
Sebastopol, CA 95472
800-998-9938 (in the United States or Canada)
707-829-0515 (international or local)
707-829-0104 (fax)
We have a web page for this book, where we list errata, examples, and any additional
information. You can access this page at http://oreil.ly/test-driven-infra-chef.
To comment or ask technical questions about this book, send email to bookques
[email protected].
For more information about our books, courses, conferences, and news, see our website
at http://www.oreilly.com.
Find us on Facebook: http://facebook.com/oreilly
Follow us on Twitter: http://twitter.com/oreillymedia
Watch us on YouTube: http://www.youtube.com/oreillymedia
viii | Preface
www.it-ebooks.info
