Table Of ContentTerritories of Citizenship
Also by Ludvig Beckman
THE FRONTIERS OF DEMOCRACY: The Right to Vote and Its Limits
(Palgrave Macmillan, 2009)
THE LIBERAL STATE AND THE POLITICS OF VIRTUE (Transaction, 2001)
Also by Eva Erman
HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEMOCRACY: Discourse Theory and Global Rights
Institutions (Ashgate, 2005)
LEGITIMACY BEYOND THE STATE? Re- examining the Democratic Credentials
of Transnational Actors (Palgrave Macmillan, 2010) (edited)
Territories of Citizenship
Edited by
Ludvig Beckman
Professor, Department of Political Science, Stockholm University, Sweden
and
Eva Erman
Associate Professor, Department of Government, Uppsala University, Sweden
Editorial and Selection Matter © Ludvig Beckman and Eva Erman 2012
Individual Chapters © Contributors 2012
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2012 978-0-230-34775-5
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Contents
Notes on Contributors vi
Introduction ix
Ludvig Beckman and Eva Erman
1 Citizens, Resident Aliens, and the Good of Equal Membership 1
Andrew Mason
2 Is Residence Special? Democracy in the Age of Migration
and Human Mobility 18
Ludvig Beckman
3 Naturalisation, Desert, and the Symbolic Meaning
of Citizenship 40
Sune Lægaard
4 ‘Democratic Agents’ and ‘Agents of Democracy’
in Multilayered Governance 60
Eva Erman
5 The Practical Conditions of Sovereignty of the People:
The Status of Citizens in Multilevel Political Organisations 81
Christine Chwaszcza
6 The Limits of Post- Territorial Political Community 100
David Chandler
7 Making Global Governance Public? Habermas’s Model
for a Two- track Cosmopolitan Order 123
Kenneth Baynes
8 Initial Citizenship and Rectificatory Secession 146
Jouni Reinikainen
Name Index 170
v
Notes on Contributors
Kenneth Baynes is Professor of Philosophy and Political Science at
Syracuse University, New York. He is the author of The Normative
Grounds of Social Criticism: Kant, Rawls, and Habermas (SUNY, 1992);
co- editor of Discourse and Democracy: Essays on Habermas’s Between Facts
and Norms; and the author of many articles in social and political phi-
losophy, including, most recently, ‘Self, Narrative and S elf- Constitution:
Revisiting Taylor’s Self- Interpreting Animals’, The Philosophical Forum,
‘Discourse Ethics and the Political Conception of Human Rights’, Ethics
& Global Politics, and ‘Democratic Equality and Respect’, Theoria. He is
currently completing a book on the work of Habermas for Routledge.
Ludvig Beckman is Professor, Department of Political Science,
Stockholm University. His research interests include democratic
theory, democratisation and climate change ethics. He is the author
of The Frontiers of Democracy: The Right to Vote and Its Limits
(Palgrave Macmillan, 2009); The Liberal State and the Politics of Virtue
(Transaction, 2001); and textbooks in political theory in Swedish. He
has published articles on political and democratic theory in journals
such as Democratization, Ratio Juris, Citizenship Studies, Environmental
Politics, Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy, and so on. He is cur-
rently Editor- in- Chief of Scandinavian Political Studies (with Maritta
Soininen).
David Chandler is Professor of International Relations, University of
Westminster, London, UK. He is the founding editor of the Journal of
Intervention and Statebuilding. His recent books include International
Statebuilding: The Rise of Post- Liberal Governance (Routledge, 2010);
Hollow Hegemony: Rethinking Global Politics, Power and Resistance (Pluto,
2009); and Empire in Denial: The Politics of Statebuilding (Pluto, 2006).
Christine Chwaszcza is Professor of Social and Political Philosophy at
University of Cologne, Germany. Her areas of research include norma-
tive political theory, the ethics of international relations, theories of
social action, and practical rationality. Recent publications include the
book, Moral Responsibility and Global Justice: A Human Rights Approach
( Baden- Baden: Nomos, 2nd. rev. edition 2011) and the articles ‘The
Unity of the People, and Immigration in Liberal Theory’, Citizenship
vi
Notes on Contributors vii
Studies, ‘The Concept of Human Rights in Contemporary Human Rights
Discourse’, Ratio Juris.
Eva Erman is Associate Professor of Political Theory at Uppsala
University, Sweden. She is the author of Human Rights and Democracy:
Discourse Theory and Global Rights Institutions (Ashgate, 2005), and
the author and editor of Legitimacy Beyond the State? R e- Examining the
Democratic Credentials of Transnational Actors (Palgrave Macmillan,
2010). She has published articles on communicative action, moral
conflict, and discourse ethics in journals such as Political Theory,
Contemporary Political Theory, Philosophy & Social Criticism, Critical Review
of International Social and Political Philosophy, as well as on democracy,
human rights, and global governance in journals such as European
Journal of International Relations, Review of International Studies, and Ethics
& International Affairs. Moreover, she is the founder and chief editor of
the international p eer- review journal Ethics & Global Politics.
Sune Lægaard is Associate Professor in Practical Ethics at Roskilde
University in Denmark. He is also affiliated with the Centre for the Study
of Equality and Multiculturalism at the University of Copenhagen. His
research is on political philosophy and theory with special focus on
multiculturalism and nationalism and issues such as immigration, citi-
zenship, secularism, free speech, toleration, and policies of recognition.
He is also co- editor of the journal Res Publica (published by Springer).
He has published numerous articles in journals such as Political Studies,
Ethnicities, Journal of Applied Philosophy, and Nations and Nationalism.
He c o- edited Nationalism and Multiculturalism in a World of Immigration
(Palgrave Macmillan, 2009) together with Nils Holtug and Kasper
Lippert- Rasmussen.
Andrew Mason is Professor of Political Theory at the University of
Southampton and is currently the holder of a Leverhulme Major
Research Fellowship. His main interests are in contemporary poli-
tical philosophy, especially the normative theory of citizenship and
theories of justice. He is the author of Levelling the Playing Field
(Oxford University Press, 2006); Community, Solidarity, and Belonging
(Cambridge University Press, 2000); and of a number of articles in politi-
cal theory. He is currently writing a book entitled Living Together as Equals:
The Demands of Citizenship, to be published by Oxford University Press.
Jouni Reinikainen is a lecturer at the Department of Political Science,
Stockholm University. His main research interests are justice, secession,
citizenship, and the development of ideas within Social Democracy.
viii Notes on Contributors
His doctoral dissertation, ‘Right against Right: Membership and Justice
in Post- Soviet Estonia’, is a study of the problem of justice involved in
the citizenship issue in Estonia. Currently, he is working on a research
project on conceptions of justice within Swedish Social Democracy
alongside a project on secession.
Introduction
Ludvig Beckman and Eva Erman
Citizenship represents both a fact and an ideal about political
membership. The former is manifested in the citizenship policies
pursued by governments and the latter expressed in the ideals of citi-
zenship shared by people in different places. Citizenship policies both
include and exclude people from political membership and thereby
distribute the goods of legal protection, political power, and symbolic
recognition. These policies are the potential subject of criticism from
the vantage point of various ideals of citizenship. But such ideals also
serve as the ideological foundation of existing policies, from which
policies and governance structures can derive legitimacy.
The ambiguous legal and aspirational nature of the term ‘citizenship’
is undoubtedly one reason for its attraction for scholars, but it is also
a reason why its usage is sometimes a cause of confusion. Frequently,
the category of ‘citizens’ is the unquestioned subject in reasoning on
justice and democracy. However justice is conceived, it is commonly
assumed that at the nation state level it is concerned with the patterns
of distribution between citizens. Similarly, the democratic character of
political systems is often defined in terms of the opportunities for politi-
cal participation available to citizens. But it remains unclear if ‘citizens’
here refers to the people granted citizenship status in positive law, or if
‘citizens’ is merely shorthand for the circle of people that ought to be
citizens, irrespective of existing legal constructions. If the former, we are
indeed justified to ask why the legal status achieved by some people as a
result of political and often partisan decisions should remain the privi-
leged focus of attention in debates on justice and democracy. This pitfall
is avoided by talking of ‘citizens’ in normative terms, as the people that
ought to be granted citizenship. At the same time, in the latter case it
becomes unclear which people are in fact being referred to.
Another reason for paying closer attention to citizenship is found
in recent and ongoing political developments. Concern about what
citizenship is and ought to be is fuelled by the sense that traditional
understandings of what it means to be a member of a political
community, and what the conditions for membership should be,
stand in need of revision as a result of current social and political
transformations, in the form of increasing diversity within states and as
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