Territorial Governance: Local Development, Rural Areas and Agrofood Systems

232 Pages·2011·1.448 MB·English

by  Aliye Ahu Gülümser, Tüzin Baycan-Levent, Peter Nijkamp (auth.), André Torre, Jean-Baptiste Traversac (eds.)

Territorial Governance
.
Andre´ Torre Jean-Baptiste Traversac
l
Editors
Territorial Governance
Local Development, Rural Areas
and Agrofood Systems
Editors
ProfessorAndre´Torre
ProfessorJean-BaptisteTraversac
UMRSAD-APT,AgroParistech
16,rueClaudeBernard
75231,ParisCedex05
France
[email protected]
[email protected]
ISBN978-3-7908-2421-6 e-ISBN978-3-7908-2422-3
DOI10.1007/978-3-7908-2422-3
SpringerHeidelbergDordrechtLondonNewYork
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Contents
PartI StructuralTrendsinProductiveStructures
1 ChangingTrendsinRuralSelf-EmploymentinEurope
andTurkey ................................................................ 3
AliyeAhuGu¨lu¨mser,Tu¨zinBaycan-Levent,andPeterNijkamp
2 ANewFormofSmallIndustrialBusinessinRuralArea:
ToExceedingtheLocalRoots? ......................................... 27
MarieRaveyre
3 TheModalitiesofTerritorialEmbeddednessofFrench
CooperativeGroups ..................................................... 43
MarylineFilippi,OlivierFrey,andAndre´ Torre
PartII GovernanceofLocalDevelopmentinRuralArea
4 StrategiesforSustainableRegionalDevelopmentandConditions
forVitalCoalitionsintheNetherlands ................................. 67
L.G.(Ina)Horlings
5 Governance,RuralDevelopmentandFarmers’Participation
inIrishLocalFoodMovements ......................................... 93
A´ineMacken-Walsh
6 SpatialAnalysesforPolicyEvaluationoftheRuralWorld:
PortugueseAgricultureintheLastDecade ........................... 107
EricdeNoronhaVaz,TeresadeNoronhaVaz,andPeterNijkamp
v
vi Contents
7 GovernanceandContestedLandUseintheNetherlands ........... 123
SeverinevanBommel,NoelleAarts,EstherTurnhout,
andNielsRoling
PartIII GeographicalIndicationasaTooloftheGovernance
ofAgrifoodChains
8 ABrazilianPerspectiveonGeographicalIndications ............... 143
JohnWilkinsonandClaireCerdan
9 CooperationandGovernanceinWineTerritories:ANew
InstitutionalEconomicAnalysis ....................................... 159
Jean-BaptisteTraversac
10 UnderWhatConditionsGeographicalIndicationsProtection
SchemesCanBeConsideredasPublicGoodsforSustainable
Development? ........................................................... 185
BertilSylvander,AnneIsla,andFre´de´ricWallet
Conclusion .................................................................... 203
PhilippePerrier-Cornet
Contributors
NoelleAarts CommunicationScienceGroup,WageningenUniversity,Wageningen,
Netherlands
Tu¨zin Baycan-Levent Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Istanbul
TechnicalUniversity,Turkey
Severine van Bommel Communication Science Group, Wageningen University,
Wageningen, Netherlands; Forest and Nature Conservation Policy Group,
WageningenUniversity,Wageningen,Netherlands
ClaireCerdan UMRINNOVATIONINRA/CIRAD,Montpellier,France; Grad-
uateCentreofAgrarianSciences(CCA),FederalUniversity,Florianopolis,Brasil
MarylineFilippi UniversityofBordeaux,ENITABordeaux,France
OlivierFrey Proximite´sUMRSADAPT,INRA/Agroparistech,Paris,France
Aliye Ahu Gu¨lu¨mser Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Istanbul
TechnicalUniversity,Istanbul,Turkey
L. G. (Ina) Horlings Rural Sociology Department, Wageningen University and
ResearchCenter,TheNetherlands
AnneIsla ToulouseUniversityandLEREPS,Toulouse,France
A´ineMacken-Walsh TeagascRuralEconomyResearchCentre(RERC),Athenry
Mellow’sCampus,Athenry,Co.,Galway,Ireland
vii
viii Contributors
Peter Nijkamp Department of Spatial Economics, VU University, Amsterdam,
The Netherlands; Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Free
UniversityAmsterdam,Amsterdam,TheNetherlands
EricdeNoronhaVaz ISEGI,UniversidadeNovadeLisboa,Lisboa,Portugal
Teresa de Noronha Vaz Faculty of Economics, Universidade do Algarve, Faro,
Portugal
PhilippePerrier-Cornet UMRMOISAINRA/SUPAGRO,Montpellier,France
Marie Raveyre CRESPPA-GTM, Centre de Recherches Sociologiques et Poli-
tiques deParis (CNRS/Universite´sParis8– Paris10),3Rue Michel-Ange,Paris,
France
NielsRoling CommunicationScienceGroup,WageningenUniversity,Wageningen,
Netherlands
BertilSylvander UMRAGIRINRA,Toulouse,France
Andre´ Torre UMRSAD-APT,INRA/AgroParisTech,Paris,France
Jean-BaptisteTraversac UMRSAD-APT,INRA/AgroParisTech,Paris,France
Esther Turnhout Forest and Nature Conservation Policy Group, Wageningen
University,Wageningen,Netherlands
Fre´de´ricWallet UMRSAD-APTINRA/AgroParisTech,Paris,France
John Wilkinson Graduate Centre for Development, Agriculture and Society
(CPDA),Brazil NationalResearchCouncil ResearchUnit:Markets,Network and
Values,RuralFederalUniversity,RiodeJaneiro,Brasil
Introduction
Andre´ TorreandJean-BaptisteTraversac
As custodians of tradition, entrusted with the mission of ensuring the continuing
survivalofmemorialareasandthepermanenceofsocialandproductiverelations,
rural areas and farming activities occupy a special place in the imaginations of
European citizens. Nevertheless, rural specialists have long stressed that the
changes that affect contemporary economies and societies also run through these
spaces and contribute to their evolution, sometimes in a radical way (Cloke et al.
2006;vanderPloegetal.2000).
Thetransformationoffarmingmethods,themutationsintheagrifoodindustries
and their links with distribution, the demographic repopulation of rural areas and
thenewactivitiestakingplacethere,thedemandfornatureandprotectedareas,the
increasing role played by agricultural activities in sustainable development: these
are all changes a reality of which nobody today disputes. The socio-economic
upheavals in rural zones and changes in people’s conception of the countryside
andofnatureareasubjectofconsensusforsociologistsandeconomists,aswellas
forspecialistsintownandcountryplanning.Allagreeontheneedtoreconsiderthe
placeofruralareas,torethinktheirdynamicsandtopondertheirmetamorphoses,
theirfutureandtheroletheyplayincontemporarysociety.
Butthesechangesarealsoasourceofcontradictions.Thevisionof“newrural
territories”isaresultofthedesireexpressedbyanincreasingnumberofconsumers,
often from urban areas, anxious about environmental issues, to preserve natural
areas. But at the same time, this fantasy of a countryside made up ofopen spaces
echoesotherpreoccupationsoftheself-sameactors.Theywanttoconsumeauthen-
ticfoodproducts,productsfrom“good”farmingpracticeswithsustainabilityasa
vocation. And there is also a wish to develop the use of rural areas for leisure
activities:notsomuchtoproduceanythingintheseplaces,moretocreateaspace
forresidential,recreationalortourismpurposes.
These opposing Manichean visions do not stand up to deeper analysis. Rural
areas are no more homogeneous than the populations that live there; both are
A.Torre(*)andJ.-B.Traversac
UMRSADAPTINRA/AgroParisTech,16rueClaudeBernard,Paris,75231Cedex05,France
e-mail:[email protected]
ix
x Introduction
subjecttomajorchanges,tensionsanddiverseandoftencontradictoryevolutionary
processes(Perrier-Cornet2002).Theprocessesofdevelopmentdependonacom-
plexassemblageofplanningprojectsintroducedbylocaldecisionmakersandlocal
authorities, as well as the actions of various groups of private participants or
associations, not to mention the projects of the populations living there, visiting
or adopting them as reference areas. And they further involve remote participants
and rules and laws from the national and international spheres. The resulting
effects: agglomeration on the one hand, centrifugal forces on the other hand,
combine and sometimes clash. The need for governance of these territories is
thenclearlyfeltwithinspacesthathavebeenfragmentedbydivergentmotivations
andusages,andinruralandperiurbanareaswroughtbypowerstrugglesforpublic
andeconomicmanagementofnatural,productiveandlandscapedinfrastructures.
1 Rural Areas Today, Places of Profound Changes
Inalltheindustrializedcountries,andparticularlyinEurope,ruralareashaveshared
thesameevolutionarytendenciessincetheSecondWorldWar.Theyfirstofallfind
themselvesincreasinglydependentonurbanareas,withaprocessofperiurbaniza-
tion (urban sprawl) and linking with neighbouring towns, and by a greater and
greatersubmissiontodecisionstakenbyurbanpopulations,includingthosefarfrom
ruralzones,whetheritbetourists,migrantsorconsumersofagriculturalspacesand
products. Furthermore, the rural areas are themselves becoming more and more
urbanized,aswecanseefromtheincreaseinsmalltowns,andthediffuseprocessof
urbanizationthatisaffectingmanyareasstillclassifiedasrural.Twostrikingresults
emerge: a downward trend in their traditional productive roles – as revealed by
losses in value and in employment in the primary sector, and the increasing
assignmentofruralareastohousingandrecreation.
1.1 Rural Areas, in the Heart of the Driving Development
in Industrialised Countries
Despiteastrongtendencytowardtheurbanisationofareas,strongmigratoryflows
towardtownsandareallocationofnon-agriculturalusestendingtotransformrural
areas into urban-style developed areas, the countryside is holding a predominant
place in terms of the occupation of space in industrialized countries, particularly
withintheEuropeanUnion.Ruralareas,definedasthesumofpredominantlyrural
regions (here after PR) and intermediate regions (IR), today occupy 91% of the
surfaceareaoftheUnionof27andholdmorethanhalfthepopulation(European
Union2009).Thepositionofthecountrysideisstronginallthemember-statesand
all the regions – even without taking into account the figures for the 12 new
membersfromtheEast,withtheiraccentuatedruralcharacter–thoughcomparison