Terraced landscapes of the Alps

125 Pages·2008·60.95 MB·Italian

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T Terraced landscapes
enrico fontanariis a professor of urban and landscape design on the Faculty of Architecture at the e The terraced landscape is one of the oldest traces of sedentary colonisation on our planet.
University Iuav of Venice, where he is actively engaged in research, teaching and technical assistance r It is a recurrent and emblematic alpine landscape that, despite years of abandonment, still
in the fields of urban design and regional and landscape planning. He has co-ordinated numerous urban r bears the signs of a sustainable and minute approach to soil and water. The terraced areas
a
design projects, serving as an expert in international organisations with particular focus on developing
c have endured peaks of development and phases of decline, often followed by unexpected
countries. His most recent publications incluPdrea:i a. Una capitale in formazion, eNaples 2001 of the Alps
e collapse. It is not easy today, in economic, cultural and environmental conditions that are
(with A.Cusinato and A.VarottiA); nalisi tipologica e conservazione dell’architettura tradizionale a, lpina
in Progettare nello spazio alpi,n Voicenza 2001; Progetto urbanistico per San Salvador. Pianificazione d quite different from those of the past, to define strategies of territorial restoration and
di un’area metropolitana in Centro Ame,r iNcaaples 2002 (ed.); Partnerships for Urban Conservation, community re-appropriation. The only way to get beyond the nostalgia for an unrepeatable
l
in Partnerships for World Heritage Cit, iPesaris 2004; Beauce. Riflessioni su paesaggio e territo, rTiroieste a past and to transform the value of these centuries-old traditional landscapes into something
projects in progress
2005. n new is to create and to enact integrated policies. This volume presents the experiences
d of the Alpter project that, currently underway throughout the alpine arc, attempt to respond
domenico patassiniis head of the Faculty of Regional Planning at the University Iuav of Venice, where s by considering the terraces as intricate multi-use infrastructures on which to construct new
edited byEnrico Fontanari andDomenico Patassini
he is involved in training, research, consulting and co-operation in the fields of urban and regional c
landscapes, new cultural, environmental and operational frameworks.
planning in Italy and Africa. He has co-ordinated research projects on the processes of urban a
abandonment and revitalisation, the analysis of environmental and health risks, and the reclamation p
of contaminated sites. He also consults on the evaluation of European programs. His major publications
e
include:A ddis Abeba. Villaggio e capitale di un contine,n wteith C Diamantini, Milan 1993;B eyond
s
benefit cost analysis. Accounting for non-market values in planning eval,u watiitohn D. Miller, Ashgate,

Aldershot 2005;E sperienze di valutazione urba, nMailan 2005; Problemi valutativi nel governo o
del territorio e dell’ambien, tweith S. Moroni, Milan 2006. f

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Marsilio
Co-funded by the European Union
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Terraced Landscapes
of the Alps
projects in progress
edited by Enrico Fontanari and Domenico Patassini
Progetto Alpter
Marsilio
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Official Project Partnership Scientific Committee
Arne Arnberger - bokuUniversity Wien
Leader Partner Lucˇka Aˇzman - University of Ljubljana
Luca Bonardi - University of Milan
Gerardo Brancucci - University of Genoa
Jean Marie Castex - adi
Enrico Fontanari - University iuavof Venice
Michele Freppaz - University of Turin
Regione Veneto - City Planning Direction Domenico Patassini - University iuavof Venice
(Italy) Guglielmo Scaramellini - University of Milan Project alpter- Interreg iiib
Mauro Varotto - University of Padua Alpine SpaceProgramme
Co-funded by the European Union
Project Management
Franco Alberti, Luca Lodatti, Laura Fagarazzi
- City Planning Direction, Regione Veneto
adi- Cartographic Information Development
Association (France)
Regione Liguria - Department of Territorial,
Landscaping and Environmental Planning (Italy)
Regione Valle d’Aosta - Department
of Agriculture, Natural Resources
and Land Protection (Italy)
irealp- Economic and Ecologic Research
Institute in the Alpine area (Italy)
Regione Bregaglia (Switzerland)
Ljubljana University - Faculty of Architecture (Slovenia)
Photographs
bokuUniversity of Wien - Land Planning pp. 8, 14, 34, 64, 74, 100, G. Medici
and Conservation Institute (Austria)
On the cover
Terraced landscape of the Brenta Valley
(photo G. Medici)
Observing Partners
Editing and layout
in.pagina s.r.l., Mestre-Venice
Graphic design
Tapiro, Venice
unesco- European Scientific Research Office © 2008by Marsilio Editori®s.p.a.
in Venezia
First edition
June 2008
www.marsilioeditori.it
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Summary
6 The alpterproject: a model of international 55 Donkeys and terracing in the Valle dell’Estéron
partnership Jean-Marie Castex, Andrée Dagorne, Francis Gorda
Luca Lodatti, Domenico Patassini
57 Bringing a historical citrus grove back to life
7 Introduction Annalisa Cevasco, Angela Rollando
Enrico Fontanari, Domenico Patassini
60 Revitalizing a historical chestnut wood
Silvio Werder, Franziska Andrei, Mirko Beti,
issues raised by the projects Maurizio Michael
10 A move beyond nostalgia
Enrico Fontanari cultural values and tourism
66 Three studies
risk prevention Lisa Garbellini, Daniele Magni
16 Instability of terraced landscapes: methods 67 Interest in terraced landscapes
of risk analysis within the alpterproject Lisa Garbellini, Daniele Magni
Gerardo Brancucci
70 Preferences and scenarios in Ödenkirchen.
18 Risk assessment of terraced landscape Perception and demand
in Liguria Arne Arnberger, Renate Eder
Gerardo Brancucci
73 Conclusions and good practices
20 Models of water flow and the damage Lisa Garbellini, Daniele Magni
it can cause within terraced landscape
Tiziana Apuani, Marco Masetti, Alessio Conforto
integrated planning
23 Landsliding inGoriˇska Brda
Blazˇ Komac, Matija Zorn 76 An integrated approach to revitalization
Enrico Fontanari
28 An assessment of the threat to the terraced areas
along the Brenta Canal: an approach based on lidar 77 The “Parco del sole”: a project for the areas
Andrea Ninfo of Mattietti and Casarette
Giuseppe Benetti, Angelo Chemin, Enrico Fontanari,
31 The role of terracing in hindering land erosion Domenico Patassini
within the Roya and Cians Gorges
Mohamed Ben Jeddou, Jean-Marie Castex,
Andrée Dagorne, Gourguen Davtian toward new rules
102 Laws and policies
agricultural/productive redevelopment Enrico Fontanari
36 Introduction 104 Principles and laws of protection, conservation
Michele Freppaz, Alberto Agnelli and restoration for the terracing of the Canale di Brenta
Giuseppe Benetti, Domenico Patassini
37 Soil quality and fertility: studies in the Valle d’Aosta
Michele Freppaz, Alberto Agnelli, Barbara Drusi, 109 Landscapes of the Bregaglia: plans and policies
Silvia Stanchi, Cristina Galliani, Silvio Werder, Maurizio Michael
Valeria Revel Chion, Ermanno Zanini
115 Safeguarding in the absence of specific legislation
40 The terraces of Goriˇska Brda - Case study Gerardo Brancucci
of Medana
Luˇcka Azˇman Momirski, Andreja Sˇkvarˇc,
Ivan Kodriˇc 117 Conclusions
Domenico Patassini
47 Cultivation options on the terraces
of the Canale di Brenta
Adriano Garlato, Andrea Dalla Rosa 121 Authors
51 “Col delle ventidue ore”: the vegetal landscape
in the terraced fields of the Canale di Brenta
Leonardo Filesi
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The ALPTERproject: a model of international partnership
Luca Lodatti, Domenico Patassini
Set up in 2003-2004, the alpterproject was the fruit of input which Austria:
the regional authorities of the Veneto, Liguria and Lombardy had received from Universität für Bodenkultur, Vienna: Institute of Landscape Planning
their respective universities. The initial impetus came from renewed attention and Conservation
to landscape, which the Charter of Florence had recognized as a man-made
territorial resource that required constant care and attention. France:
This partnership of humankind and territory is well illustrated by the terraced a.d.i(Association for Infographic Development)
landscapes of mountain and hill areas, where man-made artefacts are the
simple and harmonious products of human settlement and activity; where Switzerland:
building techniques and models of land use reflect local energy resources The Region of Bregaglia
and the need for stability of terrain.
The alpterproject was set up to try and reverse the gradual abandonment of Observing Partners:
such terraced areas. This is a problem on a large scale and can result not only unesco- Office for Scientific Research in Europe
in the disappearance of productive terrain but also in an increase in hydro- slowfood
geological risks, the loss of biodiversity and the destruction of a rich cultural
heritage. Studies revealed both the scientific and socio-economic importance Universities involved in the Project:
of such sites. On-site observation and the resultant projects combined iuav, Venice: Departments of Urban Design and Planning
a number of areas: architecture and geology, tourism and agriculture, University of Padua: Department of Geography
geography and urban design, planning and legislation. University of Genoa: polis Department
The project’s aim was to: develop a commonly-shared method that might University of Milan: Institute of Human Geography and the Department
be used in surveying the terraces; study technologies and models of land of Land Sciences
management for specific application in such areas; implement schemes for the University of Turin: divapra
redevelopment of productive activity.
The above-described group involved members from various sectors of activity –
Work Group and Project Partners in particular, regional governments and local authorities, research institutes and
those concerned with territorial planning and management. However, once the
Italy: activities of the project got underway, the aim was to involve those from other
The Regional Government of the Veneto: Planning Department areas of activity. Hence, a terraced landscape networkwas set up drawing
The Regional Government of Liguria: Department of Territorial, Landscape and together others interested in such schemes, with a website (www.alpter.net)
Environmental Planning serving to gather information and attract participants.
The Regional Government of Valle d’Aosta: Department of Agriculture, Natural All in all, by the end of three years’ work the project involved some 92 bodies
Resources and Land Protection active in the area of the defence of terraced landscapes. Fruitful relations were
irealp(Institute for Economic and Ecological Research within the Alpine Area) established at a national and international level with bodies working in
landscape protection and the promotion of farming and tourism, with
Slovenia: agricultural associations, with NGAs active in environmental protection, and
University of Lubiana: Faculty of Architecture with international study groups concerned with the exploitation of territory. The
work also extended to embrace themes related to the issue of terraced
landscapes, with particular attention being paid to the definition of norms and
procedures for environmental protection.
The network set up by alpterthus expanded beyond the official partners
directly involved in the project, with the result that the scheme embraced much
more than the interests of just a few limited bodies.
Figure 1.
Geography of the “enlarged”
partnership involved in the
alpter project.
[1.]
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Introduction
Enrico Fontanari, Domenico Patassini
Throughout the world, terraced landscapes are one of nostalgia for a lost past that can never be recovered.
the oldest signs of human settlement; a defining The development of terracing had to make a real
characteristic of the terrain on both sides of the Alps, contribution to the way people actually live nowadays;
they have a clear symbolic value within both the and if this was to be the case, then local communities
mountain and foothills areas. Financed by the joint eu- had to be involved in the practical schemes of
Intereg HIB programme “Alpine Space”, the alpter reclamation and recovery.
project [Terraced Landscapes within the Arc of the Though dealing with different areas of the Alps, the
Alps] studied the variety of such terraces, bringing out projects addressed a single question: how was the
some common features in both their current state and difficult, costly and time-consuming maintenance and
the processes of change they are subject to. exploitation of terraced areas to be reconciled with the
Areas of terraced landscape have gone though periods needs and requirements of contemporary modes of
of development and decline, the latter often resulting human work and, above all, settlement? Clearly it was
in the collapse of terrace walls and hence the gradual essential to recognize certain territorial requirements:
abandonment of such areas. Given the variety of defence against hydro-geological risk, the protection of
reasons for such decline, it is no simple matter to bio-diversity and the need for territory to be exploited
define strategies that might be followed in restoring in a sustainable manner. However, these alone are not
these territoral features and/or exploiting the potential enough when one has to reclaim and redevelop
of those terraces that remain. Spread throughout the terraced landscapes. This is why the projects
entire arc of the Alps, the areas of terracing examined considered it was essential for local communities to be
in this volume sometimes differ in date, construction involved in the process of redevelopment. Primarily, of
technique and function. However, in each case, the course, this decision recognized that local communities
projects presented are focused on the goal of have certain “rights” over such local assets. However, it
redevelopment. was also inspired by the fact that each scheme involved
These pilot schemes are interesting in themselves, but not only the physical project itself but also a range of
also because they provide an opportunity to compare financial incentives and the detailed definition of
different approaches to planning. A transverse reading principles and norms to be applied in the management
of their results serves to suggest “integral” policies that of territory and in work upon buildings and other
might be adopted to reclaim these complex structures. man-made structures. The projects also provided
Within changing contexts, each project looks in detail experimental evidence of how new technologies might
at the multiple functions such terraces had – not only be introduced and how terraces might be put to
in farming and other productive activities but also as innovative uses.
hydro-geological features and as a defining character- Based upon the exploratory studies that are outlined in
istic of landscape. Individual terraces, entire terraced ample detail within the accompanying volume of the
slopes, settlements within such terraced environments alpter Atlas, the approach here and the measures
and the remains of what was once an integrated system proposed are a practical expression “in the field” of the
– all these provide valuable material for a new overall Europe Convention on Landscape.
project regarding territory as a whole.
One challenge here was to avoid falling into mere
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ISSUES RAISED BY THE PROJECTS