Terminal ballistics

232 Pages·9.292 MB·English

by  Backman Marvin E.

AD-A021 833
TERMINAL BALLISTICS
Marvin E. Backman
Naval Weapons Center
China Lake, California
February 1976
Reproduced From
Best Available Copy
DISTRIBUTED BY:
Wadion~l Technicl Ift (cid:127)im Seivice
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF MCMERCE
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Marvin E. Backman
Research Department
Naval Weapons Center
February 1976
Arprtedd i-Public release; distribution unlhimited.
Naval
Weapons
Center
China Lake
California 93555
a, xwc
:MA RWW76
* ~ J i/I)
NWC Technical Pulicadton S730
Published by ................... Technical Information Department
Collation .................................. Cover. 118 leaves
First printing .......................... 500 unnumbered copies
)
Adtonal copies, at $12.50 each, available from
National Technical Infot(cid:127)nation Service
Springfield, Virginia 22161
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Foreword
This book is based on lecture notes for a course offered at the Naval
Weapon~s Center as part of its training program of day classes in scieece and
engineering. Its publication was jointly sponsored by the Research
Department and the Personnel and Organization Development Division.
Personnel Depastment of NWC. The course was designed to summarize the
fundamental concepts of terminil ballistics for employees who would use
the information directly in ass~gnments in research, development, or analysis
of weapons. or who would use the information as background in the
planning and mwantement of weapons programs. For this audience terminal
ballistics is the science of the interaction of a ballistic weapon with a target
and must include sophisticated warheads as well as the classical concepts of
the defeat of armor.
Typicaly the student was a recent engineering or physical science
graduate; however, m~any technicians who were directly involved in weapon
design and testing also took ine course. For these and many others
associated with ordnance science, there is a continuing need for au'
introductory summary of the main phenomena of tse detonation and
fragmentation of explosive warheads and of the phenomeau of high-velocity
impact and the techniques for measuring and predicting the extremely rapid
and intense exchanges of energy and nwmelatum that occur in the
interaction of a warhead with a target. Warhead design and analysis will
often require the devetlopmen t of these concepts beyond this introductory
* level. The object here is to provide the starting point from which the
direction for further development will be more clear.
The book begins with the ballistics of gun-launched projectiles, the
subject matter of classical ballistics, and devetps froim this base a parallel
description of warhead phenomena. In this process parts of several
specialized fields of physical science we used: impact mechanics, the
deflagratiem and detonation of explosives, and the behavior of materials
under extremely high loads and high rates of' loading. Thus, in this
pE4YCsaufl Ingnl cuti"b~(a toI,,. fetu ~roit tchkohk)I4 the fchkLI i-.
c~ipowed to A -.nrthc.i,, tot NpeLdIdtakeanot phv-ojl.'L iek du~xtha re not
rc4&JaIV a%.Ailaboc and ire mot u'.ujII interre~late~d, but vrt~itha t tlw b"%uI t*
warhe~ad jna4fi .and %"egn.
wkw vUnjkr Authiwit% -A
JOHN PEARSON, lk~i It W MINTER, JA'cd
Detwanuhw, Ph)Wr. D~Is m R'tioth Thprinrt'nl
I Dicixembr 147i
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The aultia %%heN, Ito .akrumlk~edgse Jv,.Laf'auc given b'% the
membcr, of ithe Dct~mnition PhvmjL. Da~.eni~0o Owe Ro-cneh Dcpylmint .at
the NaoaI Weiaptem Lcnttei thrtuu,~h Ji'Lu.%ttoun'. wlthickm* and crocteuare~rtwns~.
The cotiuio, %,I johoi PCeaf-Ain and CjIo Au~.1in asguc~t lea~uscis l
p~flA:tu~lyI .aPIfWCitCd. The %C1tt4bf% ion %%jrtWJJ t,-jgfmtjti~trnp Jd %)eit .And
rodk puencirmion are bhawed cerath eir Icitirsr'. IhianI iu due AI-Ani ts toni
Goff leer peepiritiu. tot thc rintnu'.ripl. ltx- %i.ioen .andj ,.ernefn of tle,
Ctonum~nd at the Nial W.'Jpeen% Cente~r o~hg~h hla been cmtwbdird in the
Sckenct and Enginee~ring Div, CIlo., Pitpreerrm Jte the twiginal prewntilteon%
ORM-WF.M/
........::... .. . i : . : - - -: .. , . : .. , , . : (cid:127) : , ' :. - ,1
Contlent
S
.11
..... ................ . ................ 4
Part I. Projectile Ballistics
1. T11h e mrir Ejlgics of Gans ......................... !1
ignition ......................................... 13
Chemistry and Thenrnmvrnamics of Burning ................ 14
Rate of Burning ................................... 22
ProjW dii ACCelrIation After Burrngu ........................ 32
Sum mary ......................................... 36
2. The ExeriuBr Balisics of Projectiles ....................... :-7
Dynamics of a Projectile in Free Flight .. ................... 37
Projectile 'fralectories.................................... 1
Aerodynamic-. of a Projectile ............................ 41
Summ y .. ........ ............................. 51
3. The Termina Ballistics of Ptojectiles...................... . 53
' Exampes of Target..s ................................. 53
ExarwFe. of Projectie ................................. 55
Penetration Resstance oi Various Materials .................. 56
Penetration Into Soils .................................. 58
Hilhtrength Barriers .. ................................ 71
Application of Conservation Laws ......................... 76
Simple Terminal Balli~lics Theories ........................ 82
Deflection and Ricochet ................................ 87
Single Fragment Sytems ............................. 91
Sum may ........................................ 9
/
'\
4. The AaukgV &"e.aha odGn...
Mani~Pnh mwjo h L-mlo fjW~cJ....... 101
Fr~agumnt Pr--twitm , % i n .k-i~iic W tw~ ij ... 11
ShoopeJ O u~r.y . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . . 1;44
!Sumnury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
6. WartwAz Eotterim- Balis~icb an Bins .. . . . . .. . . . 41
Emtewor Bdbn.ýIit~ of Wath-K-A I rimet . . ..... . . . 1a2
BUm ......................... 144
7. TermWnn Ballistmic of WxrheAd ............. 1,)
Inpct bmoM ttctul ftcm the Wjrhtid Cj'sc .... ......
sujmm jqý . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 186
.. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . 18
Appgndii: The Behavior of %4aeviA~s Undxkv Impact
mood Explosive LemANa .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . j95
Ineif%.................. .............................. 227