Temporal and vertical variations in phythoplankton community structure and its relation to some morphometric parameters of four Colombian reservoirs

19 Pages·2000·2.9 MB·English

by  R., John J Ramírez

Caldasia 22 (1): 108-126
TEMPORAL AND VERTICAL VARIATIONS
IN PHYTOPLANKTON COMMUNITY STRUCTURE
AND ITS RELATION TO SOME MORPHOMETRIC
PARAMETERS OF FOUR COLOMBIAN RESERVOIRS
J. J. RAMíREZ-R.
Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Antioquia, Apartado 1226, Medellín, Colombia.
[email protected]
c.
E. M.
DE BICUDO
Instituto de Botánica, Caixa Postal 4005, CEP 01061-970, Sáo Paulo, S.P.- Brasil.
G.
ROLDÁN-P.
Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Antioquia, Apartado 1226, Medellín, Colombia.
groldan @epm.net.co
lo C. GARCíA-L.
Fundación Neotrópicos, Apartado 12587, Medellín, Colombia.
Abstraet
Phytoplankton samples were taken at three depths within the photie zoneof eaeh
of four reservoirs, Punehiná, LasPlayas,ElPeñolandSanLorenzoloeated inAntio-
quiadepartment, Colombia. Atotal of 77 taxa were identified inthefour reservoirs.
Diatoms were not included. Inallreservoirs, Chlorophyta was the dominant group.
Botryococcus braunii was the dominant species at Punchiná, LasPlayasandElPe-
ñol reservoirs; Cosmarium sp. was the dominant at San Lorenzo. Temporal varia-
tion in phytoplankton showed two peaks of abundance, apparently related to
precipitation. Taxonomic composition among samples from the same reservoir
showed little variation. Community structure at different depths showed signifi-
cant differences only at San Lorenzo reservoir. Theinverse of¡3-diversityshowed
small values indicating high similarity among the reservoirs. Diversitv showed no
significant assoeiation with any morphometric factor evaluated (area, retention
time, altitude and age).
Key Words: ¡3-diversity, phytoplankton, reservoir limnology, tropical limnology
Resumen
Seefectuaron muestreos defitoplaneton entres profundidades delazonafótica de
losembalses Punchiná, LasPlayas, ElPeñoly SanLorenzo, localizados eneldepar-
tamento de Antioquia, Colombia. Se identificaron un total de 77 taxones en los
cuatro embalses. Lasdiatomeas nofueron incluídas. Entodos los casos lasCholo-
rophyta fueron el grupo dominante. Botryococcus braunii fue el taxón de mayor
densidad en los embalses Punchiná, LasPlayasy ElPeñol; y Cosmarium sp. en el
embalse SanLorenzo. Lacomunidad fitoplanctónica mostró dospicosdeabundan-
109
Ramlrez el aí.:Phyloplankton intour Colombian reservoirs
cia aparentemente relacionados con laprecipitación. Encada embalse, lacomposi-
ción detaxones entre muestreos varió poco. Laestructura de lacomunidad adife-
rentes profundidades mostró diferencias significativas únicamente en el embalse
San Lorenzo. Elinverso de la 13-diversidad presentó valores bajos que muestran la
alta similaridad entre embalses. Ladiversidad no mostró asociación significativa
con ninguno de los parámetros morfométricos evaluados (área, tiempo de reten-
ción, altitud y edad).
Palabrasclave: 13-diversidad,fitoplancton, limnología deembalses, limnología tropical.
Introduction plankton community and the degree of similarity
among the reservoirs and the relationships be-
The phytoplankton community is represented in
tween diversity and reservo ir area, age, altitude
every ecosystem by a group of specific forms
and retention time.
whose variety, abundance and distribution are di-
rectly dependent on adaptation to changes inboth Materials and Methods
biotic and abiotic characteristics of that ecosys-
tem. Such a cornmunity develops into acomplex Sruov AREAS. The four reservoirs are part of the
eastem Antioquian hydroelectric system that in-
assemblage of organic and inorganic partieles and
eludes the Nare, Guatapé, Concepción, Bizcocho,
colloidal material which derives partIy from ter-
San Carlos, Calderas and Tafetanes river basins,
restrial origins and partly from secretion, excre-
with a total area of 2239 km2 The reservoirs are
tion and death of organisms inthe water.
used for hydropower generation and are arranged
Mechanisms that cause replacements in time in an interconnected line (Fig. 1). Table 1shows
and space are of interest because phytoplankton their morphometric characteristics.
resemble other organisms with respect to their
In the river basins, soil erosion and leaching are
requirements for growth and survival: only their
fast, the soil pH is low and limited by phosphorus
need toremain insuspension isunique. As inany
(Espinal 1992). The climate ofthe area isthe Cwb
other community, species-specific differences
type in Koppen's international system, i.e. with
in the balance of reproduction and mortality
wet and cooler winters and hot summers. During
cause changes in species composition (Sommer
sampling time ateach site inthefour studied reser-
1989)
voirs, gradual decreases of water temperature
Diversity ofthis biocoenosis intropicallacustrine were found inside the photic zone and they were
ecosystems seems tobe smaller than intemperate considered sharpest inLas Playas reservoir. These
zone (Lewis 1978b). In relation to spatial hetero- conelusions are based on temperature profiles
geneity the phytoplankton distribution results made only at 100% lo, 50% lo, 1% lo, half and
from the movement of the water mass, from the bottom of the water colurnn atthe sampling point
variability ofthefactors affecting growth and loss in each reservo ir (Ramírez 1989).
processes and, atalower scale, from the degree of
InEl Peñol reservoir amany studies have been car-
fluctuation or movement of the organisms that
riedout(Uribe&Roldán 1975,Bjork &Gelin 1980,
compose this cornmunity (Lewis 1978a).
Orozco 1981, Roldán et al. 1984, Ramírez 1986a,
The aims ofthis study areto describe the temporal 1986b, Sierra 1987, Vegaet al.1990, 1992, Aguirre
and vertical variation patterns of the phytoplank- 1994,Mera 1994).Twopapers have beenpublished
ton cornmunity within the photic zone of the on the Punchiná reservoir (Horta 1985, Ramírez
Punchiná, Las Playas, San Lorenzo and El Peñol 1995).Routine unpublished studies have been car-
reservoirs, toexamine the ~-diversity ofthephyto- ried out for the San Lorenzo and Las Playas reser-
110 CaldasiaVol.22,No.1,2000
Table 1.Principal characteristics of four studied reservoirs inAntioquia, Colombia.
Character'ístíc Punchiná Las Playas San Lorenzo El Peñol
Coordinates 6° 13' N, 6° 29' N, 6° 25' N, 6° 10' N,
74° 52' W 74°58' W 74° 3' W 74° 10' W
Age (years in 1988) 9 8 7 22
Altitude (m) 775 980 1250 1887
Area (km') 3.6 7.5 10.6 62.5
Volume (Mm') 50 85 180 1169
-
46.0
26.9
._.~
Guatapé
r
I 0.5
+~?~.
GuatapéRiver
Nare River
I
tI
40.9
-
39.4
112.3~ Jaguas
I 1.5
I
t
LasPlayas
Nare River
SanCarlas River
~145.0
32.7
Punchinó
SanCarlos
Narth SamanóRiver
- Usefuldischarge(m'.s-I);._-+Surfaeedischarge ; ._. ~Watershed discharge;
O Hidroelectric powerplant;~ Reservair
Figure 1.Partofthe Nare-Guatapé hydroelectric system inColombia, including thetour reservoirs
studied.
Ramlrez el al.: F'hytoplankton intour Colombian reservoirs 111
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112 Caldasia Vol. 22, No. 1,2000
voirs, by the Interconexión Eléctrica S.A. (ISA) niques (Crisci & Lopes 1983). We checked de-
and Empresas Públicas de Medellín (EPM-ESP). pendence and association of diversity with
equitability and richness against Pearson's corre-
SAMPLINGANDDATAANALYSIWS.etook samples on
lation index and simple linear regression. Toasso-
sixoccasions (April, May, June, August, Septem-
ciate diversity with age, altitude, area and
ber and November 1988) at a single station 10-
retention time, we used also Pearson's correlation
cated near the impoundment inPunchiná and Las
index, considering the case of several dates ofde-
Playas reservoirs, in a "tail" of the San Lorenzo
pendent variables (6) for each independent one
reservoir and approximately at the center of El
(reservoirs inthis case). Statistical significance of
Peñol reservoir (Fig. 2). In every case, we took
thevariation between depths and samplings forthe
the samples with a Van Dom bottle from the
biotic factors was obtained through a random
photic zone at depths corresponding to 100% lo,
blocks designoThree-way analysis ofvariance was
50% lo and 1% lo. Attenuation depths of 50% lo
used to test for significance among the fOUTreser-
and 1% lo correspond to 0.41 Zsd and 2.71 Zsd,
voirs. Significance of 95% of averages was com-
respectively (Ramírez 1989).
puted byTukey's test. Allstatistical analyses were
performed through Statgraphics version 5.0.
We carried out counting following the Utermohl
method. A sample of 1 liter was taken and de-
Results
canted inafunnel ofthe same volume for aperiod
offive days. The sediment was collected in30mI Thephytoplankton ofthefour reservoirs includes 77
flasks and completed to avolume of 100mI.This laxa (Jable 2). Wefound 51laxainLasPlayas, 48in
volume was homogenized by shaking; a 10 ml Punchiná, 46inSan Lorenzo and 39inElPeño/.
aliquot equivalent to the volume of the sedimen-
The temporal variation of the total phytoplankton
tation chamber was taken and phytoplankton
abundance and its relationship to precipitation
were counted in 30 random fields at 400 x. Ac-
showed the ocurrence of two abundance peaks
cording to McAlice (1971) 30 random fields de-
(Fig. 3).This pattem issimilarto those ofdimictic
tect 90-95% of the species present in a chamber
lakes. Wefound areduction inrelative abundance
bottom. The volume of the Utermohl chamber,
ofdominant species towards the lower limit ofthe
the magnification and the number of random
photic zone. The relative abundance oftaxa atdif-
fields were fixed in order to facilitate compari-
ferent depths showed littlevariation atthefOUTres-
sons between reservoirs. We considered cells,
ervoirs, despite differences in light attenuation
cenobia, filaments and colonies as "individuals".
(Figs. 4-7).
We counted all organisms found except diatoms.
We recorded the final results as individuals/l ac-
Wefound nosignificant differences inequitability
cording to Ros (1979).
averages between depths inPunchiná (F=0.693, P
We estimated diversity, equitability and domi- =0.5256) andLasPlayas (F=1.03,P=0.3902), as
nance according to Shannon & Weaver (1949), well asindiversity (Punchiná: F=2.99, P=0.096;
Pielou (1975) and Berger &Parker (1970), respec- Las Playas: F =2.33, P=0.1477) and dominance
tively. We estimated numerical species richness (Punchiná: F =3.35, P=0.0770; Las Playas: F =
according tothe number oftaxa. Toevaluate simi- 2.92, P = 0.1003). For El Peñol reservoir, we
larity among the fOUTreservoirs, we used the in- found significant differences between depths indi-
verse of Whittaker's (1972) ~-diversity index versity (F = 4.36, P = 0.0434), equitability (F =
(Umaña 1988). We measured the percentage of 5.82, P = 0.0211) and dominance (F = 5.5, P =
similarity between reservoirs through Morisita's 0.0244) (Fig. 8A). For SanLorenzo reservoir, dif-
(1959) formula, based onabundance data. Wecon- ferences in diversity (F =34.27, P=0.0000), eq-
structed the dendrogram by using UPGMA tech- uitability (F =32.56, P=0.0000) and dominance
Ramlrez el al.: Phytoplankton intour Colombian reservoirs 113
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