Temperate horticulture for sustainable development and environment: ecological aspects

417 Pages·2019·26.4 MB·English

by  Bekuzarova

TEMPERATE HORTICULTURE FOR
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
AND ENVIRONMENT
Ecological Aspects

TEMPERATE HORTICULTURE FOR
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
AND ENVIRONMENT
Ecological Aspects
Edited by
Larissa I. Weisfeld, PhD
Anatoly I. Opalko, PhD
Sarra A. Bekuzarova, DSc
Reviewers and editorial board members
Gennady E. Zaikov, DSc
Alexander N. Goloshchapov, PhD
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Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication
Temperate horticulture for sustainable development and environment : ecological aspects /
edited by Larissa I. Weisfeld, PhD, Anatoly I. Opalko, PhD, Sarra A. Bekuzarova, DSc ; reviewers
and editorial board members, Gennady E. Zaikov, DSc, Alexander N. Goloshchapov, PhD.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Issued in print and electronic formats.
ISBN 978-1-77188-668-0 (hardcover).--ISBN 978- 978-1-351-24939-3 (PDF)
1. Horticulture. 2. Sustainable agriculture. I. Weisfeld, Larissa I., editor II. Bekuzarova, Sarra A., editor
III. Opalko, Anatoly I., editor
SB318.T46 2018 635 C2018-902820-3 C2018-902821-1
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Weisfeld, Larissa I., editor. | Opalko, Anatoly I., editor. | Bekuzarova, Sarra A., editor.
Title: Temperate horticulture for sustainable development and environment :
ecological aspects / editors: Larissa I. Weisfeld, Anatoly I. Opalko, Sarra A. Bekuzarova.
Description: Waretown, NJ : Apple Academic Press, 2018. | Includes
bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2018023160 (print) | LCCN 2018024409 (ebook) | ISBN 9781351249393 (ebook) |
ISBN 9781771886680 (hardcover : alk. paper)
Subjects: LCSH: Horticultural crops.
Classification: LCC SB318 (ebook) | LCC SB318 .T46 2018 (print) | DDC 635--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018023160
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DEDICATION
On November 25, 2017, biologists and agri-
cultural scientists from all over the world cele-
brated the 130th anniversary of the prominent
Russian botanist, plant-breeder, geneticist,
geographer, agronomist, selectionist, and orga-
nizer of science: Nikolai Iv. Vavilov. The name
of Nikolai Vavilov is not widely known among
world public. Few people know and even less
realize that Nikolai Vavilov was the first in the
world to proclaim that in order to save mankind
from famine, it is necessary to preserve genetic
Nikolai Iv. Vavilov diversity of cultivated plants by means of
(November 25, 1887 to
creating special “banks of seeds” and to use this
January 26, 1943)
diversity for the creation of new plant cultivars.
Nikolai Vavilov, at 29 years old, performed his first expedition to Persia
(now called Iran) for the collection of seeds in 1916 in the heat of the First
World War. Since this time, the scientist has devoted his whole life to
the study and collection of plants. For their conservation, Nikolai Vavilov
reached to create the first bank of seeds in the world in 1924, in Saint
Petersburg. It is practically impossible to count how many thousands of
cultivars were created using Vavilov’s worldwide collection or the many
modern gene banks; banks of seeds, pollen, tissues; and cryobanks that are
replenished by the collections of field gene pools all over the world. The
life of Nikolai Vavilov and his contribution to biological science are well
known and will remain in the history of science through the ages.
The authors of the dedication to Nikolai Iv. Vavilov did not have the
luck of personal communication with this elegant and innovative person-
ality because in 1943 the scientist went to a better world at the age of 56.
It is assumed that Nikolai Vavilov died in a Saratov prison from starvation
during the époque of Stalinism.
“The great scientist, genius, and pride of the home science the acade-
mician Vavilov did not perish—he croaked!!! He croaked as a dog in the
prison in Saratov!!!”—cried Soviet geneticist Vladimir Efroimson to the
vi Dedication
scientific community. In 1987, in the lobby of the 5th Congress of the
N. I. Vavilov All-Union Society of Geneticists and Selectionists devoted
to the 100th anniversary of the scientist, the terrible history of his death
was discussed many times. In spite of the whole crying injustice and para-
doxicality of early death of the scientist who did not manage to achieve
many of his plans, it is necessary to note that even what Nikolai Vavilov
managed to do is so weighty, so significant, that it is simply beyond the
strength of many venerable scientists who lived for many years longer
than Nikolai Vavilov.
Let us only think over a short cold lines of his biography:
Nikolai Iv. Vavilov was born in Moscow 1887, studied with William
Bateson (first director of John Innes Institute) in 1913/1914; was a
professor at Moscow University 1914, in Saratov 1917; was President of
the Lenin Academy of Agricultural Sciences and Director of Institute of
Applied Botany in Leningrad (St. Petersburg) 1921; established more than
400 research institutes with a staff of 20,000; 1921–1934: organized expe-
ditions to about 180 regions in 52 different countries around the world;
was elected foreign member of the Royal Society of Great Britain 1942.
In this biography of the highest achievements of the successful scien-
tist, the line about the main, maybe the single mistake of the genius is
missing: in 1935 he was involved in the science of his enemy, the enemy
of genetics, and the agricultural and biological science in general, Trofim
D. Lysenko. Namely, Nikolai Vavilov was one of the first scientists who
started to complement and stimulate the work of Lysenko. The error of
the genius braked Soviet biological, medicine, and agricultural science
for more than half of century and braked the life to Nikolai Iv. Vavilov
himself.
Soon, Trofim D. Lysenko, who not only denied the existence of genes
and DNA, and who tried to discredit natural selection and revise Darwin’s
evolution theory—but also successfully used repressive apparatus of
special services for ideological pressing and physical elimination of oppo-
nents, became a favorite of Stalin and was proclaimed “the engine of Soviet
genetics.” Scientific polemics was replaced with accusations, denuncia-
tions, and prohibitions to perform research, and those who infringed in
many cases were exposed to arrest, exile, prison, and physical elimination.
In 1929–1932, Trofim D. Lysenko, Vasiliy R. Vilyams, Isaak Iz. Prezent,
and other “people’s promoted workers” initiated pointed polemics about
the hereditability of obtained characters’ issue and the reality of “heredity
Dedication vii
substance” (genes). Soon many advanced scientific schools, of which
works became later the pride of Soviet science, were proclaimed bour-
geois, idealistic, and anti-Marxist. Gradually, trends were evolved (called
later the sociopolitical evolution of the Union of Soviet Socialist Repub-
lics [USSR]), which later led to the phenomenon of “Michurin genetics
and Soviet creative Darwinism.” However, in spite of arrests of possible
opponents, the decisive session of the All-Union Academy of Agricultural
Sciences, held in December 1936, did not follow Lysenko’s scenario.
The resistance of geneticists was not broken at this session; that is why
the further wave of actions aimed to suppress genetics was transformed
into the ideological channel and was finished by broad public discussion
conducted in autumn 1939 under the aegis of the editors of the magazine
Under the Banner of Marxism. The transition from scientific to ideolog-
ical discussion approved by the leaders of the party and the government
dramatically decreased the possibilities of Trofim D. Lysenko’s opponents.
In August 5, 1940, the decree of People’s Commissariat for Internal
Affairs USSR for arrests, where it was, in particular, noted: “It was ascer-
tained that a number of departments of VIR (Vavilov Research Institute
of Plant Industry), following the instructions of Nikolai Iv. Vavilov, in
order to disprove new theories in the domain of vernalization and genetics,
advanced by Soviet scientists Lysenko and Michurin, performed special
work aimed to discredit the theories advanced by Lysenko and Michurin.”
In August 6, 1940, Lavrentiy P. Beria confirmed the decree, and the same
day the scientist was arrested in Chernivtsi city (Western Ukraine). On August
20, 1955, the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR abol-
shed the sentence of July 9, 1941, and terminated the case against Nikolai
Iv. Vavilov for lack of corpus delicti (facts and circumstances constituting a
breach of a law). However, the revival of domestic genetics began only after
a decade. After a more than 30-years-long domination of Lysenko’s inquisi-
tion, genetics started gradually to become a theoretical base of selection,
overcoming fierce resistance of Lysenko’s supporters.
It is not at all usual that we, representatives of the generation burnt
by the Second World War, became selectionists—geneticists of the new
generation. The interest in genetics, which was forbidden until still very
recently, was strengthened by the information on the sacrificial activity of
Nikolai Iv. Vavilov becoming available.
Our life and especially our approach to the science were formed under
the great influence of the ideas of Nikolai Vavilov, which were transmitted
viii About the Editors
to us by our teachers, Vavilov pupils Joseph A. Rapoport, Yuriy P. Miryuta,
Lev N. Delone, Sergei M. Gerschenzon, Peter K. Shkvarnikov, and Alek-
sandr P. Ivanov.
That is why we, together with our colleagues, the authors of the papers
in this volume, devote this book to Nikolai Iv. Vavilov in memory of his
great contribution to science and society and for the entire personal charm
of this great man. We wish to complete our humble dedication with the
words of Nikolai Iv. Vavilov: “We will go to fire, we will be burned, but
we will not refuse our beliefs!”
We sincerely hope that this volume as a whole will meet the needs
of students, young and venerable scientists, involved in studies, teaching,
research, and spreading of temperate horticultural crops with the aim to
serve science and society.
—Anatoly I. Opalko
Sarra A. Bekuzarova
Larissa I. Weisfeld
ABOUT THE EDITORS
Larissa I. Weisfeld, PhD
Larissa I. Weisfeld, PhD, is a chief specialist at the Emanuel Institute of
Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
She is the author of about 300 publications in scientific journals as well as
several patents and conference proceedings; and the co-author of publica-
tions on three new cultivars of winter wheat, which are included in the
State Register of the Russian Federation. She is a member of the Vavilov
Society of Genetics and Breeders. Her main field of interest concerns basic
problems of chemical mutagenesis, mutational selection, and the mecha-
nisms of action of para-aminobensoic acid. She has worked as a scientific
editor at the publishing house Nauka (“Science”) (Moscow) and an editor
of the journals Genetics and Ontogenesis. She has co-edited several books,
including Ecological Consequences of Increasing Crop Productivity:
Plant Breeding and Biotic Diversity; Biological Systems, Biodiversity, and
Stability of Plant Communities; Temperate Crop Science and Breeding:
Ecological and Genetic Study; Heavy Metals and Other Pollutants in the
Environment: Biological Aspects; and Chemistry and Technology of Plant
Substances: Chemical and Biochemical Aspects.
Anatoly I. Opalko, PhD
Anatoly I. Opalko, PhD in Agriculture, is Leading Researcher of the
Genetics, Plant Breeding and Reproductive Biology Division at the
National Dendrological Park “Sofiyivka” of the National Academy of
Sciences of Ukraine. He is also Professor of the Genetics, Plant Breeding
and Biotechnology Chair in Uman National University of Horticulture
and Head of the Cherkassy Regional Branch of the Vavilov Society of
Geneticists and Breeders of Ukraine. He is a prolific author, researcher,
and lecturer. He has received several awards for his work, including the
badge of honor, “Excellence in Agricultural Education,” and the badge of
honor of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine “for professional
achievement.” He has also received the Nikolai Cholodny Prize in Botany
and Plant Physiology. He is member of many professional organizations