Telecommunications Technology Handbook

801 Pages·2003·3.368 MB·English

by  Daniel Minoli

Telecommunications Technology Handbook
Second Edition
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Telecommunications Technology Handbook
Second Edition
Daniel Minoli
Artech House
Boston • London
www.artechhouse.com
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Minoli,Daniel,1952–
Telecommunicationstechnologyhandbook/DanielMinoli.—2nded.
p. cm.—(ArtechHousetelecommunicationslibrary)
Includesbibliographicalreferenceandindex.
ISBN1-58053-528-3(alk.paper)
1.Telecommunication. 2.Datatransmissionsystems. I.Title. II.Series.
TK5101.M565 2003
621.382—dc22 2003057716
BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData
Minoli,Daniel,1952–
Telecommunications technology handbook.—2nd ed.—(Artech House telecom-
municationslibrary)
1.Telecommunicationsystems 2.Telecommunication
I.Title
621.3’82
ISBN1-58053-528-3
CoverdesignbyIgorValdman
©2003ARTECHHOUSE,INC.
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Section8.3.5reprintedwithpermissionfromIEEEStd802.16,“ATechnicalOverview
of the WirelessMAN—Air Interface for Broadband Wireless Access” by Carl Eklund,
NokiaResearchCenter,RogerB.Marks,NationalInstituteofStandardsandTechnology,
KennethL.StanwoodandStanleyWang,EnsembleCommunicationsInc.,IEEECommu-
nicationsMagazine,June2002;Copyright2002,byIEEE.TheIEEEdisclaimsanyrespon-
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InternationalStandardBookNumber:1-58053-528-3
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ForGino&Angela,Anna,Emmanuelle,Emile,andGabrielle.
Chapter 0
Contents
Preface xiii
Acknowledgments xv
1 IntroductionandOverview 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.1.1 Segmentation 6
1.1.2 OurInvestigation 10
1.2 ProtocolModelBaseline 12
1.2.1 ProtocolFramework 12
1.2.2 SomeNotableTrends 15
1.3 SomeModelingConsiderations 15
1.3.1 SizeofU.S.Industry 15
1.3.2 GrowthoftheInternetDuringtheLate1990s
intotheEarly2000s 23
1.3.3 GrowthofWirelessDuringtheLate1990sandEarly2000s 28
1.3.4 WirelessInternet 30
1.4 RestoftheBook 34
Endnotes 34
Appendix1A:OneViewonRegulation 38
2 OpticsTechnologies 41
2.1 TransmissionSystems 41
2.2 OpticalFibers 44
2.2.1 Fiber-OpticMediumPerformance 46
2.2.2 DispersionCompensationApproaches 47
2.2.3 FiberProducts 51
2.3 Fiber-OpticElements 53
2.3.1 OpticalTransmitters 53
2.3.2 Fiber-OpticReceivers 55
2.3.3 WDMElements 55
2.3.4 RegeneratorsandOpticalAmplifiers 57
2.3.5 OpticalNetworkElementsinCommonUse 59
vii
viii CONTENTS
2.3.6 Applications 66
Endnotes 68
3 All-OpticalNetworks 69
3.1 Introduction 69
3.2 Motivations,Goals,andApproaches 73
3.3 OTNStandardsSupport 77
3.4 IntroductoryConcepts 84
3.4.1 EvolutionaryApproach 84
3.4.2 Framework 86
3.5 BasicOTNTechnicalConcepts 87
3.6 Implementations 92
3.7 OtherDevelopments 95
Endnotes 96
4 IntelligentOpticalNetworksandGMPLS 99
4.1 IONOverview 100
4.1.1 Framework 100
4.1.2 PositioningofGMPLSinASTN/ASON 110
4.2 IONConcepts 112
4.2.1 Introduction 112
4.2.2 ASONArchitecturePrinciples 113
4.2.3 ASONControlPlaneRequirements 115
4.2.4 ASONFunctionalArchitecture 116
4.2.5 ASONReferencePointsandGMPLSProtocols 117
4.2.6 ASON/ASTNCPTransportNetwork(SignalingNetwork) 120
4.2.7 TransportNetworkSurvivabilityandProtection 121
4.2.8 RelationshiptoGMPLSArchitecture 122
4.2.9 OtherASON/ASTN-RelatedITUActivities 123
4.3 DeploymentStatus 129
Endnotes 129
5 DenseandCoarseWDM 133
5.1 IntroductiontotheTechnology 135
5.1.1 HowDoesWDMWork? 141
5.1.2 EnablingTechnologies 143
5.1.3 TechnicalDetails 148
5.2 OperationofaTransponder-BasedDWDMSystem 159
5.3 NetworkDesignEvolutions 160
5.3.1 Long-HaulApplicationScope 161
5.3.2 MetroAccess/MetroCoreApplicationScope 164
5.4 CWDM 170
Endnotes 172
CONTENTS ix
6 SONETandSDH 175
6.1 IntroductiontoSONET/SDH 176
6.2 SONET/SDHInterleaving 179
6.3 DetailoftheTransportOverhead 182
6.3.1 PayloadPointerProcessing 185
6.3.2 PayloadOverhead 193
6.4 ConcatenatedPayloads 195
6.5 MappingofSONET/SDHPayloads 196
6.5.1 VirtualTributaries 197
6.5.2 SupportofDS-3Signals 207
6.5.3 SupportofATM,POS,andGFP 208
6.6 AutomaticProtectionSwitching 208
Endnotes 214
Bibliography 215
Appendix6A:SDH 216
Endnote 220
7 NextGenerationSONET,GFP,andEthernetoverSONET 221
7.1 GFP 222
7.1.1 Introduction 223
7.1.2 TransparentGFPDescription 223
7.1.3 PotentialExtensionstoTransparentGFP 232
7.1.4 Conclusions 233
7.2 EthernetoverSONET 233
7.2.1 Introduction 233
7.2.2 VirtualConcatenation 236
7.2.3 GFPforEthernetApplications 238
7.2.4 WhatNewServicesAreEnabled? 240
7.2.5 WhatProductsUseTheseTechniques? 241
Endnotes 243
8 WirelessTechnologies:WPAN,WLAN,andWWAN 245
8.1 Overview 246
8.2 Standards 251
8.2.1 Overview 251
8.2.2 IEEE802.11FamilyofWirelessStandards 251
8.2.3 WWANStandardizationActivities 259
8.3 TechnologyBasics 291
8.3.1 WLANTechnologies 291
8.3.2 SecurityConsiderationsforWLANs 297
8.3.3 IEEE802.11aDetails 301
8.3.4 WPANTechnologies 305
8.3.5 WMANTechnologies 311
x CONTENTS
8.3.6 WWANTechnologies:2.5Gand3G 328
Endnotes 335
9 WANDataServicesandTechnologies:FR,ATM,andMPLS 339
9.1 RecentAdvancesinFR 339
9.1.1 IntroductionandScope 339
9.1.2 BasicFRConcepts 342
9.1.3 KeyFRFImplementationAgreements 355
9.1.4 CIRConsiderations 363
9.1.5 ServiceLevelMetrics 368
9.1.6 OtherServices,Capabilities,andFeatures 371
9.1.7 EuropeanOutlook 380
9.2 RecentAdvancesinATM 381
9.2.1 OverviewandScope 381
9.2.2 Applications 385
9.2.3 ATMOverview 388
9.2.4 ATMStandardization 396
9.2.5 Interworking 396
9.3 MPLSTechnology 411
9.3.1 Overview 412
9.3.2 KeyElements 417
9.3.3 MPLSArchitectureOverview 421
9.3.4 MPLSBasics 423
9.3.5 SomeApplicationsofMPLS 446
9.3.6 LabelHop-by-HopDistributionProcedures 456
9.3.7 SecurityConsiderations 464
9.3.8 EncodingtheLabelStackIntroduction 464
9.3.9 TheLabelStack 464
9.3.10 FragmentationandPathMTUDiscovery 469
9.3.11 TransportingLabeledPacketsoverPPP 474
9.3.12 TransportingLabeledPacketsoverLANMedia 475
9.3.13 IANAConsiderations 475
9.3.14 SecurityConsiderations 476
9.3.15 FRandMPLS 476
Endnotes 478
10 MovingBeyondT1:MultilinkFRandOtherApproaches 483
10.1 MotivationsandScope 485
10.2 MFR 488
10.3 ComparingAlternatives 491
10.3.1 IMA 491
10.3.2 MLPPP 492
10.3.3 MFR 493
Endnotes 496