Telecommunications technologies reference

640 Pages·4.197 MB·English

by  Dunsmore, Brad;Skandier, Toby

Telecommunications
Technologies Reference
Brad Dunsmore
Toby Skandier
Christian Martin, Joel T. McKelvey, and Tim Woods
Cisco Press
Cisco Press
201 West 103rd Street
Indianapolis, IN 46290 USA
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Telecommunications Technologies Reference
Brad Dunsmore
Toby Skandier
Christian Martin, Joel T. McKelvey, and Tim Woods
Copyright© 2003 Cisco Systems, Inc.
Published by:
Cisco Press
201 West 103rd Street
Indianapolis, IN 46290 USA
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic
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Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
First Printing September 2002
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Number: 2001090440
ISBN: 1-58705-036-6
Warning and Disclaimer
This book is designed to provide information about telecommunications technologies. Every effort has been made
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About the Authors
Brad Dunsmore is a New Product Instructor with the Advanced Engineering Services—NIM—for Cisco Systems
in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. He develops and deploys network solutions and training for Cisco SEs,
CSEs, selected training partners, and customers. He specializes in SS7 offload solutions and WAN communication
methods. Prior to his two-year tenure with Cisco, he worked for Adtran Telecommunication as a Technical Trainer,
Electronic Systems as a Systems Engineer, and Bell Atlantic as an ISDN Support Specialist. Brad holds certifica-
tions from many vendors including Microsoft’s MCSE+Internet and MCDBA, CompTIA’s i-Net+, A+, and
Network+, Apple’s Product Professional, and Cisco’s CCNA, CCNP, and CCSI designations. Brad was also
selected as a technical reviewer for the new A+ certification. His previous publications include Mission Critical
Internet Security, the CCNA Study Guide,theA+ DVD,andCCNA Test Yourself Practice Exams (all for Syngress
Media).
Toby Skandier is an Educational Consultant at Sprint Corporation. Since his first foray into the computing and
networking fields in 1985, Toby has started a PC-related consulting company; taught for Sprint Corporation,
Cisco Systems, and at community colleges; and developed courses for Sprint and Cisco. A member of the IEEE
Computer Society and the ACM, Toby holds CCNP, CCDA, MCSE, CTT+, MCT,A+, Network+, i-Net+, and
Server+ certifications.
About the Contributing Authors
Christian Martin (CCIE #4487) is a Network Architecture Consultant for Verizon Internet Services, where he has
worked for the past 5 years. Among his responsibilities is the network support and evolution of an SMDS aggrega-
tion network composed of over 300 DS3 circuits, 700 T1s, and over 1000 routers. He was also responsible for the
deployment of Verizon’s current NMS, the design of Verizon’s first long-distance IP network, and continues to
provide technology oversight on all products and services being deployed in the VIS network. He has 8 years of
industry experience, and is currently pursuing a joint BS/MS in Systems Engineering at George Mason University.
Christian lives in Leesburg, VA with his lovely wife Maria and his dog Shadow. He wrote Chapter 11, “Switched
Multimegabit Data Service.”
Joel T. McKelvey is a Senior Technical Marketing Engineer focused on DOCSIS networks at Cisco Systems, Inc.
In this position he is responsible for designing, testing, and integrating cable network technologies and architec-
tures. He has spoken on DOCSIS and cable related topics internationally at numerous conferences and events. He
has published papers on DOCSIS specifications and cable IP network services including: QoS on DOCSIS Cable
Networks,Open Access Technologies and MPLS-VPNs, and Security Concerns for Cable IP Networks. At Cisco he
led development teams on several DOCSIS 1.0 products. Mr. McKelvey has 13 years of experience in internetwork-
ing with several major companies in the field. He is a Cisco Certified Networking Associate, a Cisco Certified Cable
Communications Specialist, and a member of the Society of Cable Telecommunications Engineers (SCTE) and the
IEEE. He wrote Chapter 13, “Cable Modem Technology and CATV.”
Tim Woods, CCIE #5474, is a Technical Marketing Engineer with Cisco Systems. He started his career in comput-
ers and networking while attending Clemson University and working at AT&T Global Information Solutions (for-
merly NCR). Tim began working at Cisco Systems in 1998 as a Technical Assistance Center (TAC) Engineer and
then moved into his current TME role. His day-to-day efforts keep him busy with testing, assisting other teams, and
writing documentation. Outside of work Tim enjoys spending time with his family and friends; without their love
and support, projects like this would not be possible. He also enjoys mountain biking and ultimate frisbee. He wrote
Chapter 12, “DSL.”
Manuel A. Irizarry (CCIE #3777) is a Customer Support Engineer in the Cisco Technical Assistance Center,
Multiservice Group. He helps troubleshoot and support the Voice over IP products. He graduated from the
University of Dayton in 1987 with a BSEE. He has worked at MCI as a Second Level Support for the
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HyperStream Frame Relay Network. He lives with is wife, Sandra, daughter, Sabrina, and son, Francisco. Manny
contributed to several areas of discussion within the ATM chapter.
Travis Powell has been at Cisco Systems for two years and is currently working as a software engineer for Cisco in
Research Triangle Park, NC. He works for the Network Services Integration Test Engineering Internal System
(NSITE) (ISET) group, where he is currently testing network management products. Travis has extensive experi-
ence with SS7 and the service provider infrastructure. He specialized in SS7 with Lucent for three and a half years,
and prior to that worked for two years in a NOC for Bell South located in Charlotte, NC. Travis contributed to the
LNP whiteboard found in Chapter 2, “Signaling System 7 Network.”
About the Technical Reviewers
Ron Hranac is a Technical Leader for Cisco Systems’ Broadband Network Engineering group. Ron’s industry
activities include the publication of hundreds of articles and papers, and he is past chairman of a National Cable
Television Association ad hoc Subcommittee to research 75-ohm traceability at the then National Bureau of Stan-
dards. Ron is a Fellow Member of the Society of Cable Telecommunications Engineers and an At-Large Director on
its national Board of Directors. In 1987 he became the first person in the cable industry to be certified in SCTE’s
BCT/E program and went on to complete certification at both its Technician and Engineer levels. Ron reviewed
Chapter 13.
Grady Neely is currently employed as a Field Technical Support Engineer of ADTRAN, Inc. He supports Verizon,
SBC, MCI, and AT&T in their deployment of ADTRAN high-speed and low-speed products. He has a BSEE from
the University of Alabama. He and his wife Kate are currently expecting their first child.
Laurent Nicolas is Technical Leader in the Voice Solutions Architecture Group in San Jose, CA. He worked for the
last three years for Cisco Systems on IP telephony solutions involving SS7, ISDN, R2 on the legacy side and
MGCP, H.323, and now SIP for control or signaling of Voice over IP. He is involved in the definition and validation
of Class 4 and Class 5 architectures based on the above protocols for deployments in various countries: groomer
and tandem/transit long distance services and residential and business accesses.
Previously, Laurent worked for 13 years for IBM France, most of the time in the Networking Division. He held
positions in Product Assurance/System Test, Management, Architecture, System Design, and Development. He was
strongly involved in the Architecture, System Design, and Development of a broadband multiservice network archi-
tecture and the associated multiservice switch. His main contribution was the definition and development of ATM
support, but he was also active in connection management issues in a multiservice network: transporting several
classes of traffic including circuit emulation and voice service, bandwidth reservation, and connection admission
control; traffic policing and shaping; and traffic scheduling.
Laurent graduated as an Engineer from Ecole Polytechnique in France in 1984.
Nancy Roth is a Technical Trainer with Cisco Systems. She has a BS in computer science. Her previous work
experience includes UNIX, AS400, and Novell Systems Administration; computing center manager for a commu-
nity college; and computer engineer working with various database and object-oriented programming languages.
Her volunteer work includes church and community projects.
Martin Walshaw, CCIE #5629, CCNP, CCDP, is a Systems Engineer working for Cisco Systems in South Africa.
His area of specialty, New Technologies, keeps him busy both night and day. During the last 15 years or so, Martin
has dabbled in many aspects of the IT Industry, ranging from programming in RPG III and Cobol to PC Sales and
Training. Martin eventually decided that his calling was in networking—more specifically, Cisco. When Martin is
not working, he likes to spend all his available time with his wife Val and with two young hooligans Joshua and
Callum. Without their patience, understanding, support—and most importantly, love—projects such as this would
not be possible.
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Dedications
I would like to dedicate this book in loving memory of Robert Franklin Caldwell. Father, you will be missed.
—Brad
I would like to dedicate this book to my wife Karen, whose patience and support through this grueling process
made it all possible.
—Toby
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Acknowledgments
From Brad Dunsmore:
There are so many people that need to be thanked and acknowledged for their contributions to this book, and their
commitment to getting this book to press. First, I would like to thank the great folks at Cisco Press for their
patience. John Kane, Michelle Grandin, and Drew Cupp have been patient and supportive with the particularly
interesting schedule that this book has been on. Your hard work and occasional nudge to get the chapters moving
faster helped make this a success.
There are also countless people who have been directly involved with me, and provided insight and assistance when
requested. Laurent Nicolas, Grady Neely, Nancy Roth, and Martin Walshaw have all been great technical editors.
Your candor, technical ability, and honesty have been appreciated. Gary Pate, Lloyd Jones, Ken Stallings, and
Angie Reed all contributed to this book because they taught me a great deal of what I know now. The education
received from you guys is immeasurable.
Toby Skandier, good friend, you have helped get this project off the ground with hard work and your willingness to
tackle a tough task in a short time. This book could not have been done without your help. Thank you is also
extended to Christian, Joel, and Tim for your help in the 11th hour of the writing process. Thank you for making the
diving catch.
I would also like to acknowledge the great folks at Cisco, with whom I now work. They are the smartest people that
I have ever met, and from them I learn more and more each day. Thank you, Ilona for taking a chance and adding
me to your group some two years ago.
Lastly and most importantly, I would like to acknowledge my wife Tammy. It’s hard to believe that someone would
put up with long hours of seclusion and writing for over a year. Your support during this process made everything
possible, even in the most difficult times.
From Toby Skandier:
I would like to acknowledge my co-author of this book, Brad Dunsmore, for his expert guidance and boundless
confidence in my capabilities. Brad has always been a great friend and an excellent reference for a variety of techni-
cal issues. I would further like to acknowledge my employer, Sprint Corporation, as well as my supervisor, Al
Smith, for their commitment to ever-increasing my level of expertise in the field of data and telecommunications.
Additionally, my thanks goes out to the Cisco Press team assigned to this work. Inasmuch as I am an expert in cer-
tain technical areas, I am a novice in the world of publishing. This group of impressive professionals has been able
to draw a level of productivity from me that I was not aware existed. More than that, they made my work present-
able. Finally I would like to acknowledge each and every one of the technical editors and contributors on this
project for their expertise and invaluable contributions to the final quality of this book.
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Contents at a Glance
Chapter 1 An Overview of Analog Communication
Chapter 2 The Signaling System 7 Network
Chapter 3 Analog-to-Digital Conversion
Chapter 4 Digital Dataphone Service and Switched 56
Chapter 5 T1 Technology
Chapter 6 E1, R2, and Japanese Carrier Technology
Chapter 7 T3 and E3 Technology
Chapter 8 Integrated Services Digital Network
Chapter 9 Frame Relay
Chapter 10 ATM and B-ISDN
Chapter 11 Switched Multimegabit Data Service
Chapter 12 DSL
Chapter 13 Cable Modem Technology and CATV
Chapter 14 SONET and SDH
Appendix A Answers to Review Questions
Appendix B Signaling Area Network Code (SANC) Designations
Appendix C Bibliography
Index
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Contents
Chapter 1 An Overview of Analog Communication 2
Analog Introduction 2
Analog Signal Basics 3
Amplitude 4
Wavelength 5
Frequency 5
Bandwidth and Signal Distortion 5
Signal Attenuation and Noise 6
Digital-to-Analog Converters 9
Analog Service Deployments 11
Tip and Ring Circuits 11
IDLC 14
GR-303-CORE 17
Summary 18
Review Questions 19
Chapter 2 The Signaling System 7 Network 22
Signaling Introduction 22
What Is Signaling? 22
SS7 Node Types 23
SSP 23
STP 27
SCP 27
Signaling Types 28
Associated Signaling 29
Quasi-Associated Signaling 30
Non-Associated Signaling 31
Why SS7 Was Developed 32
Signaling Links and Link Sets 33
Link Categories 35
Point Codes 37
Originating, Destination, and Adjacent Point Codes 38
North American Point Code Format 39
ITU Point Code Format 40