Tectonic Faults: Agents of Change on a Dynamic Earth

461 Pages·2007·12.3 MB·English

by  Mark R. Handy

environment/science
T
e
Contributors c
GENETIC AND CULTURAL
Lukas P. Baumgartner, Gregory C. Beroza, Bart Bos, Jean-Pierre Brun, W. Roger Buck, t
o
Roland Bürgmann, Massimo Cocco, James A. D. Connolly, Patience A. Cowie,
n
Alexander L. Densmore, Anke M. Friedrich, Kevin Furlong, Jean-Pierre Gratier,
i EVOLUTION OF COOPERATION
Frédéric Gueydan, Mark R. Handy, Greg Hirth, Niels Hovius, Rainer Kind, Geoffrey c
MARK R. HANDY is Professor of Geology at Freie C. P. King, Eric Kirby, Peter O. Koons, Sergei Medvedev, Stephen A. Miller, Walter D. TECTONIC FAULTS Tectonic Faults
F
Universität Berlin. Mooney, Estelle Mortimer, Thorsten J. Nagel, Onno Oncken, Kenshiro Otsuki, Mark a AGENTS OF CHANGE ON A
Person, James R. Rice, Gerald P. Roberts, Claudio L. Rosenberg, Allan Rubin, Fritz u
DYNAMIC EARTH
GREG HIRTH is Associate Scientist in the Depart- AGENTS OF CHANGE ON A DYNAMIC EARTH
Schlunegger, Paul Segall, Sergei A. Shapiro, Manfred Strecker, Tuncay Taymaz, Chris- l
ment of Geology and Geophysics at the Woods Hole tian Teyssier, Terry E. Tullis, Janos L. Urai, Alain Vauchez, Friedhelm von Blancken- t PE ED TI TE ER D H BA YM MP EETRESRT EHIANM, M EE DR SI TT EOIRN edited by Mark R. Handy,
Oceanographic Institution. s Greg Hirth, and Niels Hovius
burg, Brian Wernicke, Christopher A. J. Wibberley, Bruce W. D. Yardley
NIELS HOVIUS is University Lecturer and Fel- EDITED BY MARK R. HANDY, Tectonic faults are sites of localized motion, both at
low of Churchill College, Department of Earth Sci- The MIT Press•Massachusetts Institute of Technology•Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142•http://mitpress.mit.edu e H GREG HIRTH, AND NIELS HOVIUS the Earth’s surface and within its dynamic interior.
ences, University of Cambridge. d Faulting is directly linked to a wide range of global
a
i n phenomena, including long-term climate change and
t
d the evolution of hominids, the opening and closure
o
y of oceans, and the rise and fall of mountain ranges. In
r
, Tectonic Faults,scientists from a variety of disciplines
s
H
explore the connections between faulting and the
i
r processes of the Earth’s atmosphere, surface, and inte-
t rior. They consider faults and faulting from many dif-
h
ferent vantage points—including those of surface
,
analysts, geochemists, material scientists, and physi-
a
cists—and in all scales, from seismic fault slip to
n
moving tectonic plates. They address basic issues,
d
including the imaging of faults from the Earth’s sur-

H
face to the base of the lithosphere and deeper, the
o
structure and rheology of fault rocks, and the role of
v
fluids and melt on the physical properties of deform-
i
u ing rock. They suggest strategies for understanding
s the interaction of faulting with topography and cli-
,
mate, predicting fault behavior, and interpreting the
0-262-08362-0 978-0-262-08362-1
impacts on the rock record and the human environ-
ment. Using an Earth Systems approach, Tectonic
Faults provides a new understanding of feedback
between faulting and Earth’s atmospheric, surface,
and interior processes, and recommends new
approaches for advancing knowledge of tectonic
faults as an integral part of our dynamic planet.
Cover illustration:L’Atmosphère: Météorologie Populaire, Camille Flammarion,
Paris:Librairie Hachette et C, 1888, detail.
D A H L E M W O R K S H O P R E P O R T S D A H L E M W O R K S H O P R E P O R T S
Tectonic Faults
Agents of Change on a Dynamic Earth
Goals for this Dahlem Workshop:
(cid:2) To assess the intrinsic and extrinsic factors controlling fault evolution, from
nucleation through growth to maturity,
(cid:2) To evaluate the competing processes and feedback mechanisms of faulting on
different time and length scales, from the surface down to the asthenosphere,
(cid:2) To consider new strategies for predicting fault behavior and its impact on the
rock record and on the human environment.
Report of the 95th Dahlem Workshop on
The Dynamics of Fault Zones
Berlin, January 16–21, 2005
Held and published on behalf of the
President, Freie Universität Berlin: Dieter Lenzen
Scientific Advisory Board: H. Keupp and R. Tauber, Chairpersons
N.S. Baer, G. Braun, P.J. Crutzen,
E. Fischer-Lichte, F. Hucho, K. Labitzke,
R. Menzel, J. Renn, H.-H. Ropers,
E. Sandschneider, L. Wöste
Executive Director: W. de Vivanco
Assistant Editors: G. Custance, C. Rued-Engel
Funded by: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
Tectonic Faults
Agents of Change on a Dynamic Earth
Edited by
Mark R. Handy, Greg Hirth, and Niels Hovius
Program Advisory Committee:
Mark R. Handy, Chairperson
Lukas P. Baumgartner, Anke M. Friedrich, Greg Hirth,
Walter D. Mooney, and James R. Rice
The MIT Press
Cambridge, Massachusetts
London, U.K.
in cooperation with the Freie Universität Berlin
© 2007 Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Freie Universität Berlin
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by electronic or
mechanical means (including photocopying, recording, or information storage and re-
trieval) without permission in writing from the publisher.
MIT Press books may be purchased at special quantity discounts for business or sales
promotional use. For information, please email [email protected] or write
to Special Sales Department, The MIT Press, 55 Hayward Street, Cambridge, MA 02142.
This book was set in TimesNewRoman by Stasch · Verlagsservice, Bayreuth.
Printed and bound in China.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Tectonic Faults : agents of change on a dynamic Earth / edited by Mark
R. Handy, Greg Hirth, and Niels Hovius.
p. cm. — (Dahlem workshop reports ; 95)
“Report of the 95th Dahlem Workshop on the dynamics of fault zones,
Berlin, January 16–21, 2005”
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-262-08362-1 (hardcover : alk. paper)
1. Faults (Geology)—Congresses. 2. Geodynamics—Congresses. I. Handy,
Mark R. II. Hirth, Greg. III. Hovius, Niels.
QE606.T44 2007
551.8'72—dc22
2006033362
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
Dahlem Konferenzen® vii
List of Participants ix
1 Tectonic Faults: Agents of Change on a Dynamic Earth 1
Mark R. Handy, Greg Hirth, and Niels Hovius
2 Fault Zones from Top to Bottom: A Geophysical Perspective 9
Walter D. Mooney, Gregory C. Beroza, and Rainer Kind
3 Strain Localization within Fault Arrays over Timescales
0 7
of 10 –10 Years: Observations, Explanations, and Debates 47
Patience A. Cowie, Gerald P. Roberts, and Estelle Mortimer
4 Group Report: Nucleation and Growth of Fault Systems 79
Kevin Furlong, Rapporteur
Gregory C. Beroza, Jean-Pierre Brun, Patience A. Cowie,
Mark R. Handy, Walter D. Mooney, Tuncay Taymaz,
Christian Teyssier, Alain Vauchez, and Brian Wernicke
5 Seismic Fault Rheology and Earthquake Dynamics 99
James R. Rice and Massimo Cocco
6 Continental Fault Structure and Rheology
from the Frictional-to-Viscous Transition Downward 139
Mark R. Handy, Greg Hirth, and Roland Bürgmann
7 Group Report: Rheology of Fault Rocks
and Their Surroundings 183
Terry E. Tullis, Rapporteur
Roland Bürgmann, Massimo Cocco, Greg Hirth, Geoffrey C.P. King,
Onno Oncken, Kenshiro Otsuki, James R. Rice, Allan Rubin,
Paul Segall, Sergei A. Shapiro, and Christopher A.J. Wibberley
vi Contents
8 Topography, Denudation, and Deformation:
The Role of Surface Processes in Fault Evolution 205
Peter O. Koons and Eric Kirby
9 Constraining the Denudational Response to Faulting 231
Niels Hovius and Friedhelm von Blanckenburg
10 Group Report: Surface Environmental Effects
on and of Faulting 273
W. Roger Buck, Rapporteur
Alexander L. Densmore, Anke M. Friedrich, Niels Hovius, Eric Kirby,
Peter O. Koons, Thorsten J. Nagel, Fritz Schlunegger,
Manfred R. Strecker, and Friedhelm von Blanckenburg
11 Fluid Processes in Deep Crustal Fault Zones 295
Bruce W.D. Yardley and Lukas P. Baumgartner
12 Deformation in the Presence of Fluids and Mineral Reactions:
Effect of Fracturing and Fluid–Rock Interaction
on Seismic Cycles 319
Jean-Pierre Gratier and Frédéric Gueydan
13 Effects of Melting on Faulting and
Continental Deformation 357
Claudio L. Rosenberg, Sergei Medvedev, and Mark R. Handy
14 Group Report: Fluids, Geochemical Cycles, and
Mass Transport in Fault Zones 403
Mark Person, Rapporteur
Lukas P. Baumgartner, Bart Bos, James A.D. Connolly,
Jean-Pierre Gratier, Frédéric Gueydan, Stephen A. Miller,
Claudio L. Rosenberg, Janos L. Urai, and Bruce W.D. Yardley
Author Index 427
Subject Index 429
Dahlem Konferenzen®
Prof. Dr. WERNER REUTTER, Scientific Director
Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin-Dahlem, Germany
Purpose
The Dahlem Konferenzen are held to promote the exchange of scientific ideas
and information, to stimulate cooperation between scientists, and to define av-
enues of future research.
Concept
Progress in understanding complex systems—whether in science or in soci-
ety—requires interdisciplinary research. Yet, specialists must understand each
other across disciplinary lines if they want to collaborate.
The Dahlem Konferenzen offer a unique possibility for researchers from
various disciplines to approach topics from their own perspective while com-
bining their experience. The aim of the Konferenzen is not necessarily to reach
a consensus, but to identify gaps in knowledge, to find new ways of approach-
ing contentious points, and to indicate the direction of future research.
Themes
Leading scientists submit workshop proposals on themes that
(cid:2) are directed toward innovative, interdisciplinary research
(cid:2) are of high-priority interest to the disciplines involved.
The proposals are submitted to the Scientific Advisory Board of the Konferenzen
for consideration.
® Dahlem Konferenzen is a registered trademark in the EU.
viii Dahlem Konferenzen®
Program Advisory Committee
A Program Advisory Committee is formed for each workshop based on the
recommendations of the Workshop initiator(s). Approximately one year before
the workshop, this committee convenes to decide on the scientific program,
define the goals of the workshop, and select the themes for debate. Approxi-
mately 40 participants are invited on the basis of their expertise and interna-
tional reputation in the relevant research topics. In addition, a young German
scientist can be invited who has demonstrated outstanding potential in field(s)
related to the Workshop theme.
The Dahlem Workshop Model
The Dahlem Konferenzen employ a unique format for scientific deliberation
(the Dahlem Workshop Model) in which the invited participants meet in four
interdisciplinary working groups to illuminate the workshop theme from a va-
riety of perspectives. The basis for the group discussions are background pa-
pers written by selected participants before the workshop. These papers review
particular areas of the workshop theme and pose fundamental questions for the
future of research on that theme. During the workshop, each group prepares a
report summarizing the results of its deliberations. Two to three workshops a
year are held with this format.
Dahlem Workshop Reports
The group reports are published together with the revised background papers as
a Dahlem Workshop Report. The reports are published as books by MIT Press.
History
In 1974, the Dahlem Konferenzen were established by the Stifterverband for
die Deutsche Wissenschaft in cooperation with the Deutsche Forschungsgemein-
schaft to promote communication and cooperation between scientific disciplines
and individual scientists. Since 1990, the Dahlem Konferenzenhave been a part
of the Freie Universität Berlin. To date, ninety-five Dahlem Workshops have
been organized with over 4000 participants. Basic costs are covered by the Freie
Universität Berlin.
Name
Dahlem Konferenzen are named after the Berlin district of Dahlem, which has
a rich tradition as a scientific location. Today, several Max Planck Institutes, the
Freie Universität Berlin, and the Wissenschaftskolleg are located there.
List of Participants
LUKAS P. BAUMGARTNER Institut de Minéralogie et Geochimie, Université
de Lausanne, BFSH 2, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
Metamorphic petrology, fluid–rock interaction, kinetics of mineral reactions,
texture development
GREGORY C. BEROZA Department of Geophysics, Stanford University,
397 Panama Mall, Stanford, CA 94305–2215, U.S.A.
Earthquake and engineering seismology: precise earthquake locations, tomography,
dynamic rupture modeling
BART BOS Materials Technology, TNO Science and Industry, P.O. Box 595,
Eindhoven 5600 AN, The Netherlands
Deformation mechanics, fracture mechanics, fluid–rock interaction, experimental
rock deformation
JEAN-PIERRE BRUN Geoscience Rennes, University of Rennes 1, Campus
de Beaulieu, Bat. 15, Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes cedex,
France
Continental tectonics, thrusting and extension; mechanics of brittle-ductile
systems; lithosphere deformation
W. ROGER BUCK Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University,
Oceanography 108A, Rt. 9W, Palisades, NY 10964, U.S.A.
Continental rifting and the generation of parallel sets of normal faults; dike
intrusion in rifts and along mid-ocean ridges
ROLAND BÜRGMANN Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University
of California, Berkeley, 389 McCone Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, U.S.A.
Active tectonics, crustal deformation, and space geodesy
MASSIMO COCCO Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia,
Via di Vigna Murata 605, 00143 Rome, Italy
Earthquake and fault mechanics; rheology of fault zones; frictional models and
dynamic simulations of earthquake ruptures; frictional heating and fluid flow