Technologies and Approaches to Reducing the Fuel Consumption of Medium- and Heavy-Duty Vehicles

251 Pages·2010·11.96 MB·English

by  National Research Council, Transportation Research Board, Committee to Assess Fuel Economy Technologies for Medium- and Heavy-Duty Vehicles

TECHNOLOGIES AND APPROACHES TO
REDUCING THE FUEL CONSUMPTION OF
MEDIUM- AND HEAVY-DUTY VEHICLES
Committee to Assess Fuel Economy Technologies for
Medium- and Heavy-Duty Vehicles
Board on Energy and Environmental Systems
Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences
Transportation Research Board
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20001
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COMMITTEE TO ASSESS FUEL ECONOMY TECHNOLOGIES FOR MEDIUM- AND
HEAVY-DUTY VEHICLES
ANDREW BROWN, JR., Chair, NAE, Delphi Corporation
DENNIS N. ASSANIS, NAE, University of Michigan
ROGER BEZDEK, Management Information Services, Inc.
NIGEL N. CLARK, West Virginia University
THOMAS M. CORSI, University of Maryland
DUKE DRINKARD, Southeastern Freight Lines
DAVID E. FOSTER, University of Wisconsin
ROGER D. FRUECHTE, Consultant
RON GRAVES, Oak Ridge National Laboratory
GARRICK HU, Consultant
JOHN H. JOHNSON, Michigan Technological University
DREW KODJAK, International Council on Clean Transportation
DAVID F. MERRION, Detroit Diesel (retired)
THOMAS E. REINHART, Southwest Research Institute
AYMERIC P. ROUSSEAU, Argonne National Laboratory
CHARLES K. SALTER, Consultant
JAMES J. WINEBRAKE, Rochester Institute of Technology
JOHN WOODROOFFE, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute
MARTIN B. ZIMMERMAN, University of Michigan
Staff
DUNCAN BROWN, Study Director
DANA CAINES, Financial Associate
LANITA JONES, Administrative Coordinator
JOSEPH MORRIS, Senior Program Offcer, Transportation Research Board
JASON ORTEGO, Senior Program Assistant (until December 2009)
MADELINE WOODRUFF, Senior Program Offcer
E. JONATHAN YANGER, Senior Project Assistant
JAMES J. ZUCCHETTO, Director, Board on Energy and Environmental Systems
BOARD ON ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS
1
DOUGLAS CHAPIN, Chair, NAE, MPR Associates, Inc., Alexandria, Virginia
RAKESH AGRAWAL, NAE, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
WILLIAM BANHOLZER, NAE, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan
ANDREW BROWN, JR., NAE, Delphi Technologies, Troy, Michigan
MARILYN BROWN, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
MICHAEL CORRADINI, NAE, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
PAUL DECOTIS, Long Island Power Authority, Long Island, NY
E. LINN DRAPER, JR., NAE, American Electric Power, Lampasas, Texas
CHRISTINE EHLIG-ECONOMIDES, NAE, Texas A&M University, College Station,
Texas
WILLIAM FRIEND, NAE, University of California Presidents Council on National
Laboratories, Washington, DC
SHERRI GOODMAN, CNA, Alexandria, Virginia
NARAIN HINGORANI, NAE, Independent Consultant, Los Altos Hills, California
MICHAEL OPPENHEIMER, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey
MICHAEL RAMAGE, NAE, ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company
(retired), Moorestown, New Jersey
DAN REICHER, Google.org, Warren, Vermont
BERNARD ROBERTSON, NAE, Daimler-Chrysler (retired), Bloomfeld Hills,
Michigan
MAXINE SAVITZ, NAE, Honeywell, Inc. (retired), Los Angeles, California
2
MARK THIEMENS, NAS, University of California, San Diego
RICHARD WHITE, Oppenheimer’s Private Equity & Special Products, New York, NY
Staff
JAMES J. ZUCCHETTO, Director, Board on Energy and Environmental Systems
DUNCAN BROWN, Senior Program Offcer
DANA CAINES, Financial Associate
ALAN CRANE, Senior Program Offcer
K. JOHN HOLMES, Senior Program Offcer
LANITA JONES, Administrative Coordinator
MADELINE WOODRUFF, Senior Program Offcer
E. JONATHAN YANGER, Senior Project Assistant
1
National Academy of Engineering.
2
National Acaedemy of Science.
i
Acknowledgments
The Committee to Assess Fuel Economy Technologies standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the
for Medium- and Heavy-Duty Vehicles is grateful to all of study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript
the company, agency, industry, association, and national remain confdential to protect the integrity of the deliberative
laboratory representatives who contributed signifcantly process.
of their time and efforts to this National Research Council We wish to thank the following individuals for their re-
(NRC) study, either by giving presentations at meetings or view of this report:
by responding to committee requests for information.
We acknowledge the valuable contributions of individu- Paul Blumberg, Consultant
als and organizations that provided information and made Fred Browand, University of Southern California
presentations at our meetings, as listed in Appendix B. We Douglas Chapin, MPR Associates, Inc.
especially recognize the organizations that hosted site visits Robert Clarke, Truck Manufacturers Association
for the committee’s work as outlined in Chapter 1. Coralie Cooper, Northeast States for Coordinated Air
The committee was aided by consultants in various roles Management
who provided analyses to the committee, which it used in Joe Fleming, Consultant
addition to other sources of information. Special recognition Winston Harrington, Resources for the Future
is afforded the TIAX team of Michael Jackson, Matthew John Heywood, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Kromer, and Wendy Bockholt; and the Argonne National Larry Howell, General Motors (retired)
Laboratory team of Aymeric Rousseau, Antoine Delorme, Thomas Jahns, University of Wisconsin
Dominik Karbowski, and Ram Vijayagopal. James Kirtley, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
We wish to recognize the committee members for taking Priyaranjan Prasad, Ford Motor Company (retired)
on this daunting charter and accomplishing it on schedule Mike Roeth, Consultant
within tight budget requirements. The staff of the NRC Board Russell Truemner, AVL Powertrain Engineering, Inc.
on Energy and Environmental Systems has been exceptional
in organizing and planning meetings, gathering information, Although the reviewers listed above have provided many
and drafting sections of the report. Duncan Brown, Dana constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked
Caines, LaNita Jones, Joseph Morris, Jason Ortego, Jonathan to endorse the conclusions or recommendations, nor did
Yanger, and James Zucchetto have done an outstanding job they see the fnal draft of the report before its release. The
of facilitating the work of the committee and providing their review of this report was overseen by Elisabeth Drake, NAE,
knowledge and experience to help the committee in its delib- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (retired). Appointed
erations. Lastly, the committee chair expresses his personal by the NRC, she was responsible for making certain that an
appreciation to Lori Motley, Delphi executive assistant, for independent examination of this report was carried out in
her administrative support provided to this overall effort. accordance with institutional procedures and that all review
This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the
chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, fnal content of this report rests entirely with the authoring
in accordance with procedures approved by the NRC’s Re- committee and the institution.
port Review Committee. The purpose of this independent
review is to provide candid and critical comments that will Andrew Brown, Jr., Chair
assist the institution in making its published report as sound Committee to Assess Fuel Economy Technologies
as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional for Medium- and Heavy-Duty Vehicles
ii
Contents
SUMMARY 1
1 INTRODUCTION 9
Origin of Study and Statement of Task, 9
Policy Motivation, 10
Weight Classes and Use Categories, 12
Energy Consumption Trends and Trucking Industry Activity, 13
Factors Affecting Improvements in Fuel Consumption, 14
Task Organization and Execution, 14
Report Structure, 15
Bibliography, 15
2 V EHICLE FUNDAMENTALS, FUEL CONSUMPTION, AND EMISSIONS 17
Truck and Bus Types and Their Applications, 17
Sales of Vehicles by Class and Manufacturer, 17
Industry Structure, 19
Metrics to Determine the Fuel Effciency of Vehicles, 20
Truck Tractive Forces and Energy Inventory, 28
Test Protocols, 28
Test-Cycle Development and Characteristics, 31
Findings and Recommendations, 39
Bibliography, 39
3 R EVIEW OF CURRENT REGULATORY APPROACHES FOR TRUCKS AND CARS 41
European Approach, 41
Japanese Approach, 42
U.S. Approach: EPA Smartway Voluntary Certifcation Program, 43
California Regulation Based on EPA Smartway Program, 45
Light-Duty-Vehicle Fuel Economy Standards, 45
Heavy-Duty-Engine Emissions Regulations, 45
Regulatory Example from Truck Safety Brake Test and Equipment, 49
Findings, 50
References, 50
4 P OWER TRAIN TECHNOLOGIES FOR REDUCING LOAD-SPECIFIC FUEL 51
CONSUMPTION
Diesel Engine Technologies, 51
Gasoline Engine Technologies, 57
Diesel Engines versus Gasoline Engines, 63
Transmission and Driveline Technologies, 65
Hybrid Power Trains, 68
ix