Table Of ContentTECHNOLOGICAL
APPLICATIONS
OF DISPERSIONS
SURFACTANT SCIENCE SERIES
CONSULTING EDITORS
MARTIN J. SCHICK FREDERICK M. FOWKES
Consultant (1915-1990)
New York, New York
1. Nonionic Surfactants, edited by Martin J. Schick (see also Volumes 19
and 23)
2. Solvent Properties of Surfactant Solutions, editedbyKozo Shinoda (out
of print)
3. Surfactant Biodegradation, by R. D. Swisher (see Volume 18)
4. Cationic Surfactants, edited by Eric Jungermann (see also Volumes 34
and 37)
5. Detergency: Theory and Test Methods (in three parts), edited by W. G.
Cutler and R. C. Davis (see also Volume 20)
6. Emulsions and Emulsion Technology (in three parts), edited by Kenneth
J. Lissant
7. Anionic Surfactants (in two parts), edited by Warner M. Linfield (out of
print)
8. Anionic Surfactants: Chemical Analysis, edited by John Cross (out of
print)
9. Stabilization of Colloidal Dispersions by Polymer Adsorption, by Tatsuo
Sato and Richard Ruch
10. Anionic Surfactants: Biochemistry, Toxicology, Dermatology, edited by
Christian Gloxhuber (see Volume 43)
11. Anionic Surfactants: Physical Chemistry of Surfactant Action, edited
by E. H. Lucassen-Reynders (out of print)
12. Amphoteric Surfactants, edited by B. R. Bluestein and Clifford L. Hilton
(out of print)
13. Demulsification: Industrial Applications, by Kenneth J. Lissant
14. Surfactants in Textile Processing, by Arved Datyner
15. Electrical Phenomena at Interfaces: Fundamentals, Measurements, and
Applications, edited by Ayao Kitahara and Akira Watanabe
16. Surfactants in Cosmetics, edited by Martin M. Rieger
17. Interfacial Phenomena: Equilibrium and Dynamic Effects, by Clarence
A. Miller and P. Neogi
18. Surfactant Biodegradation, Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, by
R. D. Swisher
19. Nonionic Surfactants: Chemical Analysis, edited by John Cross
20. Detergency: Theory and Technology, edited by W. Gale Cutler and Erik
Kissa
21. Interfacial Phenomena in Apolar Media, edited by Hans-Friedrich Eicke
and Geoffrey D. Parfitt
22. Surfactant Solutions: New Methods of Investigation, edited by Raoul
Zana
23. Nonionic Surfactants: Physical Chemistry, edited by Martin J. Schick
24. Microemulsion Systems, edited by Henri L. Rosano and Marc Clausse
25. Biosurfactants and Biotechnology, edited by Nairn Kosaric, W. L.
Cairns, and Neil C. C. Gray
26. Surfactants in Emerging Technologies, edited by Milton J. Rosen
27. Reagents in Mineral Technology, edited by P. Somasundaran and Brij
M. Moudgil
28. Surfactants in Chemical/Process Engineering, edited by Darsh T.
Wasan, Martin E. Ginn, and Dinesh O. Shah
29. Thin Liquid Films, edited by I. B. Ivanov
30. Microemulsions and Related Systems: Formulation, Solvency, and
Physical Properties, edited by Maurice Bourrel and Robert S. Schecter
31. Crystallization and Polymorphism of Fats and Fatty Acids, edited by
Nissim Garti and Kiyotaka Sato
32. Interfacial Phenomena in Coal Technology, edited by Gregory D.
Botsaris and Yuli M. Glazman
33. Surfactant-Based Separation Processes, edited by John F. Scamehorn
and Jeffrey H. Harwell
34. Cationic Surfactants: Organic Chemistry, edited by James M.
Richmond
35. Alkylene Oxides and Their Polymers, by F. E. Bailey, Jr., and Joseph
V. Koleske
36. Interfacial Phenomena in Petroleum Recovery, edited by Norman R.
Morrow
37. Cationic Surfactants: Physical Chemistry, edited by Donn N. Rubingh
and Paul M. Holland
38. Kinetics and Catalysis in Microheterogeneous Systems, edited by M.
Gratzel and K. Kalyanasundaram
39. Interfacial Phenomena in Biological Systems, edited by Max Bender
40. Analysis of Surfactants, by Thomas M. Schmitt
41. Light Scattering by Liquid Surfaces and Complementary Techniques,
edited by Dominique Langevin
42. Polymeric Surfactants, by Irja Piirma
43. Anionic Surfactants: Biochemistry, Toxicology, Dermatology. Second
Edition, Revised and Expanded, edited by Christian Gloxhuber and
Klaus Kunst/er
44. Organized Solutions: Surfactants in Science and Technology, edited by
Stig E. Friberg and Bjorn Lindman
45. Defoaming: Theory and Industrial Applications, edited by P. R. Garrett
46. Mixed Surfactant Systems, edited by Keizo Ogino and Masahiko Abe
47. Coagulation and Flocculation: Theory and Applications, edited by
Bohuslav DobiaS
48. Biosurfactants: Production • Properties • Applications, edited by Nairn
Kosaric
49. Wettability, edited by John C. Berg
50. Fluorinated Surfactants: Synthesis • Properties • Applications, Erik
Kissa
51. Surface and Colloid Chemistry in Advanced Ceramics Processing,
edited by Robert J. Pugh and Lennart Bergstrom
52. Technological Applications of Dispersions, edited by Robert B. McKay
53. Cationic Surfactants: Analytical and Biological Evaluation, edited by
John Cross and Edward J. Singer
ADDITIONAL VOLUMES IN PREPARATION
TECHNOLOGICAL
APPLICATIONS
OF DISPERSIONS
edited by
Robert B. McKay
Ciba Pigments
Paisley, Scotland
Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York*Basel*Hong Kong
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Technological applications of dispersions / edited by Robert B. McKay.
p. cm. ~ (Surfactant science series; v. 52)
Includes bibliographical references (p. - ) and index.
ISBN 0-8247-9180-0 (acid-free)
1. Emulsions. 2. Suspensions (Chemistry) I. McKay, Robert B. II. Series.
TP156.E6I53 1994
660'.2945»dc20 93-50099
CIP
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Marketing at the address below.
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
Copyright © 1994 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any
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Current printing (last digit):
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PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Preface
Dispersion science is of fundamental importance to a wide variety of tech-
nologies. Indeed there are few chemically based technologies in which it
does not feature in some role. This book aims to substantiate these state-
ments by giving insight into a range of well established technologies of
diverse character and in which dispersed particles play a key role. It is
intended to provide a technological background for later books in the Sur-
factant Science Series on specific aspects of dispersion science.
The term dispersion in its broadest sense describes any system in which
at least one phase is distributed in finely divided form throughout a contin-
uous second phase. However, the technologies discussed in this book place
emphasis on dispersions of solid particles in liquid or solid media. Emul-
sions have been discussed in previous volumes of this series.
The chapters are overviews of specific technologies written by technical
experts. They illustrate the effects of dispersions in application and the
means necessary for optimal achievement of these effects. The book should
be of interest to formulators and users of dispersions, suppliers of compo-
nents, industrial and academic scientists, and students of colloid science.
The major application areas exemplified are surface coating, optical
effects, uses of polymer dispersions, strength enhancement of inorganic
materials, recording and display of information, and biological systems.
Some of the major components of dispersions, especially pigments, are also
discussed. Two major applications, namely ceramics (hence aspects of
clays, and related materials) and agricultural chemicals, are the subjects of
separate books in the series (in preparation), and so are mentioned only
briefly here. The chapter on polymer dispersions for special purposes wid-
iii
iv Preface
ens the scope of the book to include specific aspects of various other impor-
tant applications, some of which could have become chapters in their own
right. Clays have been discussed briefly in the chapter on paper coatings.
The extensive literature quoted by the authors provides a further source of
information.
Some of the technologies included are interrelated. For example, the
technologies of paints, printing inks, plastics, and man-made fibers are in
part dependent upon pigment technology, and vice versa, and through this
have much in common. There have been few texts that deal with such
interrelated technologies collectively, and one aim of the book is to fill such
gaps.
The disperse phase has a specific function in all the applications, through
factors such as chemical constitution, solid state and liquid-crystalline
properties, physical structure, particle size, surface character. In some cases
it does not survive as such in end use and in others it is transformed. The
continuous phase may be solid or liquid, and in the latter case may be
transformed by cooling, loss of solvent, or polymerization into a solid
matrix or binder for the disperse phase. Interfacialproperties are of course
critically important to the effectiveness of dispersions, through their influ-
ences on dispersibility, dispersion stability, rheology, particle interactions,
and interactions with substrates.
It was difficult to decide the order of chapters. Paints were chosen as the
subject of the first chapter because they are probably the earliest man-made
dispersions and the most ubiquitous today. Then follow chapters on other
technologies that entail or relate to dispersion of powders in liquids. The
latter part of the book deals with more complex dispersions —first, those
where changes are induced within the disperse phase by external influences
during application and, second, those for probably the most complex appli-
cation of all, biological systems.
Some points of terminology require comment. The terms aggregate and
agglomerate commonly used in dispersion technology present difficulty.
IUPAC recommends that aggregate be used as a general term to describe
any structure formed by the cohesion of colloidal particles [I]. Agglomerate
is often used in colloid science and technology to describe small, strongly
coherent aggregates. In pigment and pigment user industries, for example,
the terms are used in an almost converse way — aggregate describing a
strongly coherent cluster of colloidal particles and agglomerate a more
loosely coherent assembly of particles, usually in a powder. In this book
aggregate has been used in the general sense recommended by IUPAC,
with some indication of strength of cohesion of constituent particles where
appropriate. The term agglomerate has been avoided.
Traditional terminology of some technologies is at odds with more gener-
Preface v
ally accepted terminology in dispersion science. For example, photographic
emulsions and emulsion paints are really dispersions of solid particles, as
indeed are many so-called polymer emulsions. In paper coating the terms
pigment and color are applied to clay and calcium carbonate, even though,
strictly speaking, such solids are colorless and have little direct opacifica-
tion effect.
I should like to thank Ciba Pigments for their encouragement and
support.
Robert B. McKay
REFERENCE
D. H. Everett (for IUPAC), Pure and Applied Chemistry, 57:579 (1972).
