Table Of ContentМИНИСТЕРСТВО НАУКИ И ВЫСШЕГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ
РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ
ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЕ БЮДЖЕТНОЕ
ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЕ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ
ВЫСШЕГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ
«МИРЭА ‐ Российский технологический университет»
(РТУ МИРЭА)
Абайдуллина О. С., Иоффе Н. Е., Прокопчук А. Р.
Techno Stories to Be Discussed. Part Two
Учебно-методическое пособие
Москва 2021
УДК 811.111(075.8)
ББК 81.432.1я73
А13
Абайдуллина О.С. Techno Stories to Be Discussed. Part Two [Электронный ресурс]:
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Основной задачей учебно-методического пособия «Techno Stories to Be Discussed» Part
Two является развитие навыков говорения, чтения и ведения дискуссий на английском языке
по программной тематике для бакалавров и специалистов технических направлений
подготовки, обучающихся на очном отделении РТУ МИРЭА.
В учебно-методическое пособие включены различные аутентичные материалы, статьи
ведущих английских изданий и Интернет-ресурсов. Также использованы издания известных
российских авторов.
Учебно-методическое пособие издается в авторской редакции.
Авторский коллектив: Абайдуллина О.С., Иоффе Н.Е., Прокопчук А.Р.
Редактор: Наталия Владимировна Катахова, к. п. н., доцент, кафедра иностранных языков,
институт РТС, «МИРЭА-Российский Технологический Университет» (РТУ МИРЭА).
Рецензенты:
Андрей Георгиевич Васильев, доктор физико-математических наук, профессор, директор
института Радиотехнических и телекоммуникационных систем
Елена Викторовна Калмыкова ,к.и.н., доцент кафедры истории
Средних веков исторического факультета МГУ им. Ломоносова
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© Абайдуллина О.С., Иоффе Н.Е.,
Прокопчук А.Р., 2021
© МИРЭА - Российский
Технологический Университет, 2021
Contents
UNIT 1 ETHERNET ....................................................................................................................... 4
UNIT 2 NETWORKS ................................................................................................................... 12
UNIT 3 ALTERNATIVE NETWORK TECHNOLOGIES: ....................................................... 27
UNIT 4 APPLICATION PROGRAMS ........................................................................................ 31
3
UNIT 1
ETHERNET
TEXT A NETWORKING HISTORY
To begin with, it is really important to start with the great milestones in the
history of Networking and Internet in particular.
In the period of 1950-1960 Computer Networks focused on terminals ap-
peared, which were very expensive. Therefore, time-sharing methods were devel-
oped to allow lots of users to share them.
In 1960 "Man-Computer Symbiosis", written by Licklider, became the de-
velopment in cooperative interaction between men and electronic computers. This
has designed a very close coupling between the human and the electronic partner-
ship participants.
Leonard Kleinrock proposed the idea of ARPANET which is one of the ear-
liest computer networks. It was introduced in 1961 in "Information Flow in Large
Communication Nets". His titled article was the initial computer network using
packet switching. ARPANET officially was launched in 1969. The first version of
ARPANET (Internet) went online. It connected four computers from four universi-
ties (UCLA, Stanford Research Institute, UCSB, and the University of Utah).
Then the first data was transmitted using two nodes (UCLA and SCI) in the
fall of 1969 and this date considered to be the birth of the Internet (due to some
sources).
Steve Crocker‘s name is associated with NCP File Sharing Protocol
(Netware Core Protocol) for use with Netware. It happened in 1970.
The first e-mail was sent in1971 by Ray Tomlinson. So the social network
was born. The two computers were standing right next to each other. The message
read: ―qwertyuiop‖.
Pre-wi-fi is considered to be ALOHA net, UHF, wireless packet network. It
was used in Hawaii in 1971 to connect islands. In 1978, the BBS (Bulletin Board
System) was created. The BBS hosted on PC, where users connected via the mo-
dem of a host computer, and exchanged data via telephone lines with other users.
BBS was the original system to let users interact with each other over the Internet.
It was slow, but it was a good start, and only one user could log in at a time.
Later that year, the very first web browsers were distributed using Usenet.
Usenet was developed by Jim Ellis & Tom Truscott, where users posted news, arti-
cles and funny posts. Unlike the BBS and forums, there was no ―central server‖ in
Usenet. It gave rise to Yahoo! Groups, Google Groups and Facebook Groups. The
first version of instant messaging was somewhere in 1988, called IRC or Internet
Relay Chat. IRC was Unix-based then, and therefore accessible only to a few peo-
4
ple. IRC was designed for communications. Soon the earliest copies of web brows-
ers were distributed via Usenet.
This was followed by the development of Ethernet in 1973 by Robert
Metcalfe.
In 1974 the first routers were used. But the first real IP (Internet Protocol)
routers, called a gateway, were designed by Ginny Strazisar.
1978, the invention of TCP/IP protocol took place.
1980, our world saw the beginning of the creation of Local Area Networks
(LANs). Affordable computers became available. Various LAN topologies ap-
peared, such as bus, ring, star, etc.
1983 is considered the year of DNS implementation.
In 1994 the first social networking site was created. That was Friendster. It
also used the degree of separation concept that was identical to Six Degrees, but
was called ―Circle of Friends‖. Friendster was basically a dating site that was not
entirely dedicated to dating. In the first 3 months, Friendster was able to gather
3,000,000 users. This means that 1 out of 126 web users were Friendster members
simultaneously.
Fig.1.1 Thefacebook
Soon MySpace cloned Friendster. It was launched just 10 days after coding.
Pretty soon it became more popular than Friendster.
MySpace provided users with more freedom and choice than Friendster
when it came to customization; with music, videos and a hipper online environ-
ment. It gathered 90 million registered users. The site has become extremely popu-
lar and the most loved in the USA despite the fact that it was no longer the leading
networking site in the world. The glory days of Friendster have passed, and its
popularity is now surpassed by MySpace and Facebook. Today most
of Friendster‘s traffic comes from Asia, especially Indonesia and the Philippines.
5
Another site with great success is LinkedIn. It was designed in 2003, and
used a more professional and businesslike approach to social networking. Other
sites focused on getting dates, making friends, and reuniting with old classmates,
but LinkedIn focused on building business contacts and professionals. Today
LinkedIn has 30 million registered members.
A little later, Facebook appeared on the social networking scene. It was de-
veloped in 2004, and its primary purpose was to unite American college students.
Facebook first appeared at Harvard, Mark Zuckerberg‘s alma mater. At first it was
exclusive, and you could join in if only you had been invited by a Facebook user.
In the first month, more than half of the 19,500 Harvard students signed up. Two
years later, the campus-only networking site became open to the public. In 2008,
Facebook surpassed MySpace and Friendster as the leading social networking site.
Currently it has more than 150 million members around the globe.
Task 1 Make up a list of networking landmarks.
TEXT B THE ETHERNET
In modern business world, reliable and efficient access to information has
become an important advantage in solving the problem of achieving a competitive
advantage. Filing cabinets and piles of papers have given way to computers that
store and manage information electronically. Colleagues thousands of miles apart
can instantaneously exchange information, just as hundreds of employees in one
location can simultaneously review research data stored online. Computer net-
working technologies are the glue that binds these elements together. The public
Internet allows companies around the world to share information with each other
and their customers. A global computer network known as the World Wide Web
provides services that allow consumers to buy books, clothes, and even cars online,
or sell the same items at auction when they are no longer needed. In this text, we
will take a very detailed look at networking, and in particular the Ethernet net-
working standard, so you can understand the actual mechanics of how all of these
computers connect to one another.
Networking allows one computer to send information to and receive infor-
mation from another. We may not always be aware of how many times we access
information on computer networks. Of course, the Internet is the most conspicuous
example of computer networking, connecting millions of computers around the
world, but smaller networks play a role in accessing information on a daily basis.
Many public libraries have replaced their card catalogs with computer terminals
that allow visitors to search for books much faster and easier. Airports have a great
number of screens displaying information regarding arriving and departing flights.
Many retail stores have specialized computers that processed transactions at points
of sales. In each of these cases, networking allows many different devices in multi-
6
ple locations to access a shared repository of data. Before getting into the details of
a networking standard like Ethernet, we must first understand some basic terms
and classifications that describe and differentiate network technologies.
In 1973, at Xerox Corporation‘s Center in Palo Alto Research Center (better
known as PARC), researcher Bob Metcalfe designed and tested the first Ethernet
network. While working on a way to connect Xerox‘s «Alto» computer to a print-
er, Metcalfe developed the physical method of cabling that connected devices on
the Ethernet as well as the standards governing communication on the cable.
Ethernet has since become the most popular and most widely deployed network
technology in the world. Many of the problems associated with Ethernet are com-
mon to many networking technologies, and understanding how Ethernet addressed
these issues can provide a foundation that will improve your understanding of net-
working in general. The Ethernet standard has grown to embrace new technologies
as computer networking has evolved, but the mechanics of every Ethernet network
today are based on Metcalfe‘s original design. The original Ethernet described
communication over a single cable shared by all devices on the network. Once a
device attached to this cable, it had the ability to communicate with any other at-
tached device. This allows the network to expand to accommodate new devices
without requiring any modification to those devices already on the network.
ETHERNET BASICS
Ethernet is a local area technology, in which networks traditionally operate
within the same building, connecting devices in close proximity. At most, Ethernet
devices could have only a few hundred meters of cable between them, making it
impractical to connect geographically dispersed locations. Modern advancements
have increased these distances considerably, allowing Ethernet networks to cover
tens of kilometers. In networking, the term protocol refers to a set of rules that
govern communications. Protocols are to computers what language is to humans.
Similarly, for two devices on a network to successfully interact, they both need to
understand the same protocols.
Task 1 Answer the following questions on the text:
1. When did Bob Metcalfe develop and test the first Ethernet network? 2.
What did Metcalfe design? 3. What did the original Ethernet describe? 4. What dis-
tance can Ethernet devices have between each other? 5. What does the term proto-
col mean in networking?
Task 2 Mark the statements as true (T) or false (F). If you think a statement
is false, change it to make it true.
1. In 1973 at IBM Corporation, researcher Bob Metcalfe designed and tested
the first Ethernet network.
2. Ethernet has since become the least popular and least deployed network
technology in the world.
7
3. Once a device attached to the Ethernet, it had the ability to communicate
with any other attached device.
4. Ethernet devices could have only a few hundred meters of cable between
them.
5. Protocols to computers are like the language to people.
TEXT C TYPES OF ETHERNET
SWITCHED ETHERNET
Modern Ethernet implementations are often not like their historical counter-
parts. Where long lengths of coaxial cable provided attachments for multiple sta-
tions in legacy Ethernet, modern Ethernet networks use twisted pair wiring or fiber
optics to connect stations in a radial pattern. A modern Ethernet networks transmit
data at 10 megabits per second (Mbps), modern networks can operate at 100 or
even 1,000 Mbps. Perhaps the most striking advancement in Ethernet networks is
the use of switched Ethernet. Switched networks replace the common legacy
Ethernet environment with a dedicated segment for each station. These segments
connect to a switch, which acts much like an Ethernet bridge, but can connect
many of these segments to a single station segments. Some switches today can
support hundreds of dedicated segments. Since the only devices on the segments
are the switch and the end station, the switch receives each transmission up to be-
fore it reaches another node. The switch then forwards the frame on the corre-
sponding segment like a bridge, but since any segment contains only one node, the
frame only reaches the intended recipient. This allows many conversations to be
conducted simultaneously on a switched network.
“FULLDUPLEX” ETHERNET
Ethernet switching gave rise to another enhancement, full duplex Ethernet.
Fullduplex is a data transfer term that refers to the ability to send and receive data
at the same time. Legacy Ethernet is halfduplex, which means that information can
only move in one direction at a time. In a fully switched network, nodes communi-
cate only with the switch and never directly with each other. Switched networks
also use either twisted pair or fiber optic cables, which use separate conductors to
transmit and receive data. In this type of environment, Ethernet stations can aban-
don the collision detection process and transmit at will, as they are the only poten-
tial devices that can access the medium. This allows end stations to transmit to the
switch at the same time that the switch transmits to them, provides a collision-free
environment.
8
ETHERNET OR 802.3?
You may have heard the term 802.3 used in place of or in combination with
the Ethernet. «Ethernet» originally referred to a network implementation standard-
ized by Digital, Intel and Xerox. (For this reason, it is also known as the DIX
standard.) In February 1980, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers,
or IEEE (pronounced «I triple E»), created a committee for standardization net-
work technologies. The IEEE named it Working Group 802 after a year and a
month of its formation. Working Group 802 subcommittees have separately con-
sidered various aspects of networking. The IEEE has designed each subcommittee,
numbered 802.X, where X represents a unique number for each subcommittee. The
802.3 group standardized the operation of a CSMA / CD network that was func-
tionally equal to the DIX Ethernet network. Ethernet and 802.3 differ slightly in
their terminology and data format for their frames, but are identical in many re-
spects. Today, the term Ethernet generally refers to both the DIX Ethernet imple-
mentation and the IEEE 802.3 standard.
Task 1 Give the Russian equivalents:
Achieve; environment; pattern; collision; abandon, conductor; subcommit-
tee; contemporary; halfduplex; distinguish; IEEE; employ; switched Ethernet /
network; standard fullduplex; to be named after; to communicate; in most respects
Task 2 Find in the text English equivalents for the following words and
phrases:
Исторический аналог; устаревший Ethernet; использовать витую пару;
радиальная модель; передавать данные со скоростью 10 Мбит/с; в
современных сетях Ethernet; коммутируемые сети заменяют; поддерживать
сотню отдельных сегментов; пересылать фрейм в нужный сегмент; доходить
до намеченного получателя; дуплексный Ethernet; термин в передаче данных;
способность одновременно передавать и принимать данные; перемещаться за
раз только в одном направлении; полностью коммутируемая сеть;
использовать или витую пару, или оптoволокно; использовать отдельные
провода; режим работы; первоначально относился к сетевым разработкам;
институт инженеров по электронике и радиоэлектронике; стандартизировать
сетевые технологии; исследовать различные аспекты создания сети;
различать каждый подкомитет; слегка отличаться в терминологии.
Task 3 Write the expansions of the following abbreviations and learn them:
DIX standard, IEEE.
9
Task 4 Match the words on the left with their definitions on the right
1. Counterpart a) Improvement; progress in development.
2. Attachment b) A distinct feature or element in a problem, sit-
uation.
3. Advancement c) The act of putting into action.
4. Environment d) A thing identical to or closely resembling an-
other.
5. Implementation e) The act of attaching or the state of being at-
tached.
6. Aspect f) An operating system, program, or integrated
suite of programs that provides all the facilities
necessary for a particular application.
Task 5 Translate the passages in writing:
A) In this type of environment, Ethernet stations can abandon the collision
detection process and transmit at will, since they are the only potential devices that
can access the medium. This allows end stations to transmit to the switch at the
same time that the switch transmits to them, achieving a collision-free environ-
ment. B) The IEEE titled this the 802 working group, named after the year and
month of its formation. Subcommittees of the 802 working group separately ad-
dressed different aspects of networking.
Task 6 Answer the following questions:
1) What is the most striking enhancement in a present Ethernet network?
2) What is the difference between a switch and a bridge?
3) What does the term fullduplex mean?
4) What did ―Ethernet‖ originally refer to?
5) When did the IEEE create a committee for standardization network tech-
nologies?
6) Why was this working group titled as 802?
7) Do Ethernet and 802.3 differ?
Task 7 Mark the statements as true (T) or false (F). If you think a statement
is false, change it to make it true:
1. Modern network can operate at 100 or even 1,000 Mbps.
2. Switched networks replace the shared medium with a dedicated segment
for each five stations.
3. In fullduplex Ethernet information can move in only one direction at a
time.
4. A collision-free environment allows end stations to transmit to the switch
at the same time that the switch transmits to them.
10
