Table Of ContentTechno-economics and
Life Cycle Assessment
of Bioreactors
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Techno-economics and
Life Cycle Assessment
of Bioreactors
Post-Covid19 Waste Management
Approach
Editedby
PURANJAN MISHRA
Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology, Universiti
Malaysia Pahang (UMP), Gambang, Pahang, Malaysia
LAKHVEER SINGH
Department of Environment Science,SRM-University-AP,
Amaravati, India
POOJA GHOSH
CentreforRural Development and Technology, Indian
Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi,India
Elsevier
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Contents
Listofcontributors xiii
Part 1 Bioreactors: Current status, recent trends
and challenges 1
1. Impact of COVID-19on waste andresource
management practices 3
VikramThakur
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Typesofwaste 4
1.2.1 WastegenerationduringCOVID-19pandemic 4
1.3 ImpactofCOVID-19onwastemanagement 5
1.4 TheuniquechallengewithSARSCoV-2andwastemanagement 6
1.4.1 Wastemanagementstrategies 7
1.5 Policyandregulatoryapproaches 9
1.6 WHOguidelinesonwastemanagement 10
1.7 Conclusionandfutureperspective 10
References 11
2. Aerobicandanaerobic bioreactorsystems for
wastewater treatment 13
MonikaJain,SmitaS.KumarandLalitGoswami
2.1 Introduction 13
2.2 Bioreactoranddifferentconfigurations 15
2.3 Continuousstirredtankbioreactor 15
2.4 Airliftbioreactors 16
2.5 Anaerobicfluidizedbedbioreactors 16
2.6 Packedbed(fixedbed)bioreactors 17
2.7 Membranebioreactors 18
2.8 Upflowanaerobicsludgeblanketreactor 19
2.9 Conclusion 20
Acknowledgment 21
References 21
v
vi Contents
3. Emerging trendsin bioreactorsystems for an improved
wastes valorization 23
OlusegunAbayomiOlalere,Chee-YuenGan,AbiolaEzekielTaiwo,
HamoudAlenezi,OladayoAdeyiandAbiolaJohnAdeyi
3.1 Introduction 23
3.1.1 Stirredtanksystem 23
3.1.2 Fluidized-bedreactor 25
3.1.3 Fixedbedbioreactor 26
3.2 Thetheoryofbioreactoranditsgeometry 27
3.3 Bioreactordevelopmentforimprovedwastevalorization 29
3.4 Currenttrendsinthebioreactorsystem 30
3.5 Conclusion 32
References 33
4. Development ofbioreactors:current scenario and
future challenges 37
PragyaPrakash,SupriyaPandey,SantoshKumarJha
andHareRamSingh
4.1 Introduction 37
4.2 Stirredtankbioreactors 38
4.2.1 Stirredtankbioreactorsinwastemanagement 38
4.3 Bubblecolumnreactors 39
4.3.1 Advancesinbubblecolumnbioreactors 39
4.3.2 Bubblecolumnreactorinwastemanagement:recentadvances 41
4.4 Membranebioreactors 42
4.4.1 Anaerobicmembranebioreactor 43
4.4.2 Membranefouling 45
4.5 Somemoderntypesofbioreactorsandtheirapplications 46
4.5.1 Fixedbedbioreactors 46
4.5.2 Integratedmembraneandhangingspongebioreactor 46
4.5.3 Disposablebioreactors 48
4.5.4 Denitrificationbioreactors 48
4.6 COVIDwastemanagementinthepandemictimes 48
4.6.1 Membranebio-reactorsintheremovalofCOVIDviralload 50
4.7 Conclusion 50
References 51
Furtherreading 53
Contents vii
5. Economic aspects of bioreactors: current trendsand
future perspective 55
MamtaDeviSharma,SwatiSharma,PuranjanMishra
andSaurabhKulshrestha
5.1 Introduction 55
5.2 Directivesofeconomicanalysis 56
5.3 Costanalysis 56
5.3.1 Capitalcosts 57
5.3.2 Productioncosts 57
5.3.3 Materialsandutilities 58
5.4 Costanalysisforbioreactorsappliedforwastemanagement 58
5.5 Costevaluationofsubmergedanaerobicmembranebioreactorfor
municipalsecondarywastewatertreatment 60
5.6 MonteCarlocostestimationmethodforwastewatertreatment
membranebioreactors 61
5.7 Costanalysisforaerobicfermenters 63
5.7.1 Stirredtankreactorandbubblecolumnreactorcostanalysis 64
5.8 Futureperspectives 65
References 67
Furtherreading 68
6. Landfill management and efficacy of anaerobic reactors in the
treatment of landfill leachate 69
ImranAhmad,AidaBatrisyiaJasni,NorhayatiAbdullah,SanthanaKrishnan,
IwamotoKoji,ShreeshivadasanChelliapan,AliYuzirandMohdNasrullah
6.1 Introduction 69
6.2 Advantagesofbiologicaltreatmentoverphysicalandchemicaltreatment 73
6.3 Advantagesofanaerobicprocessoveraerobicprocess 77
6.4 Latestdevelopmentofanaerobicreactorstreatinglandfillleachate 78
6.4.1 Anaerobicmembranebioreactor 79
6.4.2 Upflowanaerobicsludgeblanketreactor 79
6.4.3 Anaerobicfixedbedreactor 81
6.4.4 Anaerobiccontactreactor 81
6.4.5 Anaerobicbaffledreactor 82
6.4.6 Anaerobicammoniumqxidation(anammox) 83
6.5 Combinedanaerobictechnologies 83
6.6 Conclusion 86
Acknowledgement 87
Conflictofinterest 87
References 87
viii Contents
Part 2 Techno-economic assessment
of bioreactors 93
7. Technoeconomics and lifecycle assessment of bioreactors:
wastewater treatment plant management 95
TarnimaWardaAndalib,ZaiedBinKhalidandPuranjanMishra
7.1 Introduction 95
7.2 Conceptsoftechno-economyanalyses 97
7.3 Methodologyoftechno-economicanalysis 99
7.3.1 Staticcost(cid:1)benefitassessment 99
7.3.2 Annuitymethod 99
7.3.3 Netcashflow 101
7.3.4 Netpresentvalue 101
7.3.5 Internalrateofreturn 102
7.4 Techno-economicanalysismodels 102
7.5 Techno-economicparadigm 102
7.6 Techno-economicinnovations 105
7.7 Environmentalimpactassessment 106
7.8 Environmentalimpactassessmentmethodology 107
7.9 Bioreactors,categorization,andsustainablefactors 108
7.10 Typesofbioreactor 109
7.10.1 Osmoticmembranebioreactors 110
7.10.2 Integratedtwo-phasefixed-filmbaffledbioreactor 110
7.10.3 High-solidanaerobicmembranebioreactor 111
7.10.4 Solarassistedbioreactor 112
7.10.5 Anaerobiclandfillbioreactors 112
7.10.6 Microbialfuelcells 113
7.11 TechnologicalimpactassessmentofbioreactorsonWWTP 114
7.12 EconomicalimpactassessmentofbioreactorsonWWTP 115
7.13 Challengesindealingwithwastewatertreatmentplant 115
7.13.1 Upgradedbiocrude-HTLconfigurationprocessandtheory 117
7.14 Feedstockandplantscale 117
7.15 Hydrothermalliquefaction 119
7.16 Hydrothermalliquefactionaqueousphasetreatmentbycatalytic
hydrothermalliquefaction/gasification 119
7.17 Sludgehydrothermalliquefactionoilupgrading 119
7.18 Conclusion 120
7.19 Contributionofauthors 121
Acknowledgment 122
References 122
Contents ix
8. Strategies toward sustainable management oforganicwaste 131
RenuandPuranjanMishra
8.1 Introduction 131
8.2 Activitiesforsolidwastemanagement 134
8.3 Strategiesforwastemanagement 135
8.3.1 Preventionofwastegeneration 136
8.3.2 Minimization 136
8.3.3 Reuse 137
8.3.4 Recycling 137
8.3.5 Biologicaltreatment 138
8.3.6 Incineration 139
8.3.7 Landfilldisposal 139
8.3.8 Sanitarylandfill 140
8.3.9 Municipalsolidwastelandfills 140
8.3.10 Constructionanddemolitionwastelandfills 140
8.3.11 Industrialwastelandfills 140
8.3.12 Hazardouswastelandfills 141
8.4 Conclusion 141
Acknowledgment 142
References 142
9. Application ofmatrices for the development of next-gen
bioreactors from COVID-19 waste management prospects 145
SnehiSoy,BishwajitSinghKapoor,ShubhaRaniSharma
andVinodKumarNigam
9.1 Introduction 145
9.2 Emergingtrendsinbioreactorswithrespecttomatrix
andapplications 146
9.2.1 Monoclonalantibodiesproduction 146
9.2.2 Wastewatertreatment 150
9.2.3 Applicationoffixed-filmmicrobialreactorsforthetreatment
ofeffluents 152
9.2.4 Abatementofairpollutants 154
9.2.5 Matrixdesignanddevelopmentforcellcultivation 154
9.2.6 Advancementinthedevelopmentofphotobioreactor 155
9.2.7 Immobilizationandtheroleofmatricesintheimprovement
ofbioreactorfunction 156
9.2.8 Otherapplications 158
9.3 Applicationofmatrices-basedbioreactorsinCOVID-19
wastemanagement 158
