Table Of ContentWolthusen Wolthusen-FM May30,2003 9:54
Techniques and Applications
of Digital Watermarking
and Content Protection
Wolthusen Wolthusen-FM May30,2003 9:54
Forquitealongtime,computersecuritywasarathernarrowfieldofstudy
that was populated mainly by theoretical computer scientists, electrical
engineers, and applied mathematicians. With the proliferation of open
systemsingeneral,andoftheInternetandtheWorldWideWeb(WWW)
inparticular,thissituationhaschangedfundamentally.Today,computer
and network practitioners are equally interested in computer security,
since they require technologies and solutions that can be used to secure
applications related to electronic commerce. Against this background,
thefieldofcomputersecurityhasbecomeverybroadandincludesmany
topicsofinterest.Theaimofthisseriesistopublishstate-of-the-art,high
standardtechnicalbooksontopicsrelatedtocomputersecurity.Further
informationabouttheseriescanbefoundontheWWWatthefollowing
URL:
http://www.esecurity.ch/serieseditor.html
Also, if you’d like to contribute to the series by writing a book about
a topic related to computer security, feel free to contact either the Com-
missioningEditorortheSeriesEditoratArtechHouse.
ForalistingofrecenttitlesintheArtechHouseComputerSecuritySeries,
turntothebackofthisbook.
Wolthusen Wolthusen-FM May30,2003 9:54
Techniques and Applications
of Digital Watermarking
and Content Protection
Michael Arnold
Martin Schmucker
Stephen D. Wolthusen
Artech House
Boston•London
www.artechhouse.com
Wolthusen Wolthusen-FM May30,2003 9:54
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Arnold,Michael(MichaelKonrad),1964–
Techniquesandapplicationsofdigitalwatermarkingandcontentprotection/Michael
Arnold,MartinSchmucker,StephenD.Wolthusen.
p.cm.—(ArtechHousecomputersecurityseries)
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN1-58053-111-3(alk.paper)
1.Computersecurity. 2.Digitalwatermarking. 3.Dataprotection. I.Schmucker,
Martin. II.Wolthusen,StephenD. III.Title.
QA76.9.A25A762003
005.8—dc21 2003049577
BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData
Arnold,Michael
Techniquesandapplicationsofdigitalwatermarkingandcontentprotection.—
(ArtechHousecomputersecurityseries)
1.Digitalwatermarking
I.Title II.Schmucker,Martin III.Wolthusen,StephenD.
005.8
ISBN1-58053-111-3
CoverdesignbyYekaterinaRatner
(cid:3)c 2003ARTECHHOUSE,INC.
685CantonStreet
Norwood,MA02062
Allrightsreserved.PrintedandboundintheUnitedStatesofAmerica.Nopartofthisbook
maybereproducedorutilizedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronicormechanical,including
photocopying,recording,orbyanyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem,withoutpermission
inwritingfromthepublisher.
Alltermsmentionedinthisbookthatareknowntobetrademarksorservicemarkshave
beenappropriatelycapitalized.ArtechHousecannotattesttotheaccuracyofthisinformation.
Useofaterminthisbookshouldnotberegardedasaffectingthevalidityofanytrademarkor
servicemark.
InternationalStandardBookNumber:1-58053-111-3
LibraryofCongressCatalogCardNumber:2003049577
10987654321
Wolthusen Wolthusen-FM May30,2003 9:54
Toourparents
Wolthusen Wolthusen-FM May30,2003 9:54
Wolthusen Wolthusen-FM May30,2003 9:54
Contents
Preface....................................................xiii
Acknowledgments.........................................xv
1 Introduction.................................................1
1.1 Theoriginsofcopyrightprotection 3
1.2 Theprotectionofintellectualpropertythroughtechnicalmeans 5
1.3 Integrityandauthenticity 11
References 12
2 Digitalwatermarking......................................15
2.1 Rationale 15
2.2 Digitalwatermarkingandcryptography 16
2.2.1 Steganography 16
2.2.2 Digitalwatermarking 19
2.3 Firstgenerationapproaches 19
2.3.1 Basicprinciplesofwatermarking 20
2.3.2 Terminology 21
2.3.3 Firstmethods 23
2.4 Beyondthefirstgeneration 32
References 35
3 Applicationsofdigitalwatermarking......................39
3.1 Usage-specificrequirements 39
3.2 Copyrightprotection 40
3.2.1 Misappropriationbyothercontentproviders 41
3.2.2 Illicitusebyendusers 44
vii
Wolthusen Wolthusen-FM May30,2003 9:54
viii Contents
3.3 Annotationwatermarking 46
3.4 Fingerprinting 48
3.5 Automaticplaylistgenerationforrightsverification 49
3.6 Multimediaauthentication 50
3.7 Watermarkingforcopyprotection 51
References 53
4 Digitalwatermarkingforstillimages......................55
4.1 Classificationandapplicationrequirements 55
4.2 Photographicandphotorealisticimages 56
4.2.1 Traditionalwatermarkingmethods 56
4.2.2 Watermarkingmethodsdealingwithgeometricdistortions 63
4.2.3 Content-basedwatermarkingmethods 65
4.3 Binaryandhalftonedimages 67
4.4 Summary 69
References 69
5 Digitalwatermarkingforaudiodata.......................75
5.1 Requirementsanddesign 75
5.1.1 Removalmanipulationsandattacks 76
5.1.2 Misalignmentmanipulationsandattacks 76
5.2 Psychoacousticfactsandmodels 77
5.2.1 Criticalbands 78
5.2.2 Maskingeffects 79
5.2.3 PsychoacousticmodelMPEG1layersIandII 81
5.3 Perceptualaudiowatermarking 88
5.3.1 Spectralweighting 89
5.4 Algorithms 90
5.4.1 LSBcoding 91
5.4.2 Embeddingwatermarksintothephase 91
5.4.3 Echohiding 96
5.4.4 Watermarkingofcompressedaudiodata 99
5.4.5 Spread-spectrumaudiowatermarking 102
Wolthusen Wolthusen-FM May30,2003 9:54
Contents ix
5.4.6 Audiowatermarkingviathepatchworktechnique 106
5.4.7 Mechanismsagainstdesynchronizationmanipulations 107
References 111
6 Digitalwatermarkingforothermedia....................115
6.1 Digitalwatermarkingforvideodata 115
6.1.1 Applicationrequirements 115
6.1.2 Algorithms 117
6.2 Digitalwatermarkingforthree-dimensionaldata 121
6.2.1 Applicationrequirements 121
6.2.2 Datarepresentation 122
6.2.3 Operationsandattacks 124
6.2.4 Algorithms 125
6.2.5 Quality 135
6.3 Digitalwatermarkingfortwo-dimensionalgeometrydata 136
6.4 Digitalwatermarkingforformattedtext 136
6.4.1 Applicationrequirements 137
6.4.2 Algorithms 137
6.5 Musicscores 138
6.5.1 Applicationrequirements 138
6.5.2 Algorithms 139
References 140
7 Attacksandbenchmarksofdigital
watermarkingsystems...................................147
7.1 Threatsandriskanalysis 148
7.2 Attacks 149
7.2.1 Classificationofattacks 149
7.2.2 Removalattacksandmanipulations 151
7.2.3 Desynchronizationattacks 159
7.2.4 Embeddingattacks 164
7.2.5 Detectionattacks 168
7.3 Qualityevaluationofwatermarkedobjects 168
7.3.1 Psychophysicalmethods 169
