Teach Yourself Essential Latin Grammar

340 Pages·2010·10.467 MB·English

by  Gregory Klyve

®
Teach
#
Latin alphabet and pronunciation (page 4) Verbs: the
essential terminology (page 7) Using the future tense (page
Using adjectives (page 93) Latin prepositior
(page 107) Latin numerals (page 110) Pron^
119) Passive and active (page 141) Us^
(page 152) Participles (page 164)
(page 178) Expressions of time (page1
range and learn more online (www.teaf
FROM BEGINNER TO
INTERMEDIATE

®
Teach
Yourself
v J
Essential Latin
Grammar
Gregory Klyve
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First published in UK 2002 as Teach Yourself Latin Grammar
by Hodder Education, part of Hachette UK, 338 Euston Road,
London NWi 3BH.
First published in US 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
This edition published 2010.
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Copyright © 2002, 2003 2010 Gregory Klyve
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Contents
4
Meet the author v
Only got a minute? vi
Only got ten minutes? viii
Introduction 1
1 Alphabet, pronunciation and terminology 4
2 Tenses (indicative active) 17
3 Nouns 41
4 Cases 68
5 Adjectives and adverbs 93
6 Prepositions, conjunctions and numerals 107
7 Pronouns and questions 119
8 Passive and deponent verbs 141
9 Subjunctive verbs 152
10 Verbal nouns and adjectives (participles, gerunds,
supines and gerundives) 164
11 Infinitives and imperatives 175
12 Impersonal, defective and irregular verbs 186
13 Relative and temporal clauses, ablative absolute 206
14 Final, consecutive and conditional clauses 218
15 Indirect speech 233
16 Other subordinate clauses (clauses of concession, cause,
proviso, comparison, fear, doubt and prevention, and
the use of quin) 247
17 Miscellaneous (dates, money and measures, names,
places, inscriptions, timeline, Latin today) 260
Key to the exercises 279
Contents III
Credits
Front cover: © Oxford Illustrators Ltd
Back cover: © Jakub Semeniuk/iStockphoto.com, © Royalty-
Free/Corbis, © agencyby/iStockphoto.com, © Andy Cook/
iStockphoto.com, © Christopher Ewing/iStockphoto.com,
© zebicho - Fotolia.com, © Geoffrey Holman/iStockphoto.com,
© Photodisc/Getty Images, © James C. Pruitt/iStockphoto.com,
© Mohamed Saber - Fotolia.com
IV
Meet the author
4
I have been an enthusiast of the classical world since my early
teenage school years in Wales when I first encountered the Romans
and their language. I survived the kinaesthetic methods of my
teacher who used to hurl books and wooden board rubbers at her
pupils’ heads, and was hooked on Latin for life.
My family moved to Blackpool in 1975 where I attended
Blackpool Collegiate Grammar School. After doing O-levels
in 1978 I concentrated on Latin, Greek and Ancient History for
A-level and, following in the footsteps of my inspiring teacher,
went to Exeter College, Oxford where I obtained a BA in Literae
Humaniores (Classics) in 1984 and, after a break in teaching,
a doctorate in Greek Tragedy in 1995.
#
I have taught classical subjects at various schools and tutorial
colleges since 1984 and have been Head of Classics at Sevenoaks
School in Kent and The Leys School in Cambridge. I have been
teaching part-time at St Mary’s School in Cambridge since 2008.
In addition to teaching, I write scripts for sketches, plays and short
films and I am the co-author, with C.G. Oakley, of a comic novel
The Legend of Perseus (Byronic Books 1989).
Meet the author V
&nly got a minute?
Latin is the language used by the ancient Romans whose
city, traditionally founded in 753 bce, grew to dominate
the Mediterranean and, at its height, most of Europe,
including Britain, until the fifth century ce.
As a result of this political domination Latin
became a common European tongue and was still used
as the formal language of administration, scholarship,
the law, the church, medicine and science for centuries
after the Roman empire declined. Indeed, Latin is
alive today, from mottoes to gardening and from joke
books to the news on the internet. Latin’s continued
usefulness lies not only in its logical structure and
conciseness of expressior, but also in the fact that
its paneuropean history has made it the basis of
the Romance languages: Italian, French, Provencal
(Occitan), Spanish, Catalan, Galician, Portuguese,
Romansch and Romanian.
Of equal value to historians and linguists, a
knowledge of Latin will also be of great use to students
4
of literature, as the cultural impact of Roman writers can
be traced through the Middle Ages, the Renaissance, the
Enlightenment and the Romantic Movement.
Learning Latin is fun. As languages go it has
only a small number of irregular forms and many of the
words are recognizable as there is usually at least one
English word derived from every Latin word. The main
difference between English and Latin is that Latin is an
inflected language (like German and Russian) which
means that the meaning or use of a word can be altered
by changing its ending. One result of this is that Latin
word order is not the same as English word order, but
more like Yoda’s from Star Wars: multum hilaritatis
erit = much of fun it will be (i.e. it will be a lot of fun).
•m
m
10
Only got ten minutes?
The Latin language developed in and around the city of Rome in
the area of Italy called Latium (modern Lazio). The city’s tradition
is that it was founded by king Romulus in 753 bce and proved
a successful place of refuge which attracted exiles, refugees and
political dissidents from the surrounding regions.
In 510 bce (traditional date), the Romans expelled their kings
and established a republic ruled by two consuls, elected annually.
Under this invigorated republic the Romans eventually came to
dominate not only their neighbours but the entire Italian peninsula,
challenging other powers in the Mediterranean, notably Carthage
(in modern Tunisia) in the West and the Greek states in the
East. By 146 bce, with destruction of Carthage and Corinth, the
Romans had become masters of the Mediterranean. With no other
enemies in sight, the Romans turned on each other and the republic
destroyed itself in a series of brutal civil wars until Augustus
became master of the Roman world after his defeat of Antony and
Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 bce. Thereafter the Roman
world was ruled by emperors, a regime known as the Principate.
The empire reached its height in the first decade of the second
century ce under the emperor Trajan. Facing sociopolitical pressures
from within and geopolitical pressures from without, in 285 bce
the Roman world was divided under Diocletian into the Western
and Eastern empires, centred on Rome and Byzantium (later
Constantinople, now Istanbul) respectively. Christianity was legalized
by Constantine in 313 ce and soon became the official state religion.
The Western empire finally collapsed in 476 and the last significant
Roman from the East, the jurist and emperor Justinian, died in 565.
The Romans left behind not only the infrastructure of empire,
notably roads and civic settlements and institutions, but also an
immense cultural legacy whose influence is still felt strongly today.
Their language endured and continued, with variations, to be used