Taylor and Hoyt’s Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus

1181 Pages·2016·264.71 MB·English

by  Scott R. Lambert

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2015v1.0
Taylor & Hoyt’s
PEDIATRIC
OPHTHALMOLOGY AND STRABISMUS
Content Strategist: Russell Gabbedy
Content Development Specialist: Sam Crowe/Sharon Nash
Project Manager: Julie Taylor
Design: Miles Hitchin
Illustration Manager: Nichole Beard
Marketing Manager: Melissa Fogarty
Taylor & Hoyt’s Fifth Edition
PEDIATRIC
OPHTHALMOLOGY AND STRABISMUS
Scott R Lambert MD Christopher J Lyons MB, FRCS, FRCOphth,
Professor of Ophthalmology FRCSC
Stanford University School of Medicine
Professor
Stanford, CA
Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences
Former R. Howard Dobbs Professor
University of British Columbia
Ophthalmology and Pediatrics
Vancouver, BC, Canada
Emory University
Former Chief of Ophthalmology
Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta
Former Section Head
Pediatric Ophthalmology
Emory Clinic
Atlanta, GA, USA
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http://expertconsult.inkling.com
Edinburgh  London  New York  Oxford  Philadelphia  St Louis  Sydney  Toronto  2017
© 2017, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
First edition 1990
Second edition 1997
Third edition 2005
Fourth edition 2013
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This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher
(other than as may be noted herein).
Figure 1.1 is copyright Gillian Lee Illustrations
The authors of chapters 42, 46, 48 and 50 retain copyright of their chapters
The following figures are copyright Addenbrooke’s Hospital – 52.5, 52.13
Videos 86.2–86.5 are from George Spaeth et al., Ophthalmic Surgery: Principles and Practice, 4th Edition.
© Elsevier Saunders 2014
Notices
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ISBN:
Print: 978-0-7020-6616-0
E-book: 978-0-7020-6617-7
Inkling: 978-0-7020-6618-4
Printed in China
Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
Video contents viii Section 4: Systematic pediatric ophthalmology
Foreword x Part 1: Disorders of the eye as a whole
Preface xi 18 Disorders of the eye as a whole 163
List of contributors xii Sunju Park and Elias I Traboulsi
Part 2: Lids, brows and oculoplastics
1 A history of pediatric ophthalmology and 19 Lids: congenital and acquired abnormalities −
strabismus 1 practical management 175
David S Taylor Robert C Kersten and Richard Collin
20 Lid and orbital infantile periocular hemangiomas
Section 1: Epidemiology, growth and development (capillary hemangiomas) and other vascular
2 Epidemiology and the worldwide impact of visual diseases 188
impairment in children 7 Christopher J Lyons
Jugnoo S Rahi and Clare E Gilbert Part 3: Orbit and lacrimal
3 Clinical embryology and development of the eye 17 21 Lacrimal system 200
John R B Grigg and Robyn V Jamieson Caroline J MacEwen and Una O’Colmain
4 Developmental biology of the eye 25 22 The management of orbital disease in children 209
David R FitzPatrick Alan A McNab
5 Clinical aspects of normal and abnormal visual 23 Neurogenic tumors 216
development and delayed visual maturation 32 Peter J Dolman and Yvonne Chung
Ronald M Hansen and Anne B Fulton 24 Orbital rhabdomyosarcoma 225
6 Milestones and normative data 40 Carol L Shields and Jerry A Shields
Hans Ulrik Møller and Dorte Ancher Larsen 25 Other mesenchymal abnormalities 232
Christopher J Lyons
Section 2: Core practice 26 Metastatic, secondary and lacrimal gland tumors 239
7 Examination, history and special tests in pediatric Alan A McNab and Christopher J Lyons
ophthalmology 50 27 Histiocytic, hematopoietic, and lymphoproliferative
G Robert LaRoche disorders 244
8 Managing refractive errors in children 60 Timothy John Sullivan
Amy K Hutchinson and Buddy Russell 28 Craniofacial abnormalities 250
9 Visual electrophysiology: how it can help you Joanna Black and John Crompton
and your patient 68 29 Cystic lesions and ectopias 267
Dorothy A Thompson and Alki Liasis Alan A McNab
10 Imaging the child’s eye, orbit, and visual pathways 76 30 Inflammatory disorders 277
Daniel J Salchow and Nadja Kadom Alan A McNab and Christopher J Lyons
11 Genetics and pediatric ophthalmology 94 Part 4: External disease and anterior segment
Panagiotis I Sergouniotis and Graeme C M Black 31 Conjunctiva and subconjunctival tissue 283
Venkatesh Prajna and Perumalsamy Vijayalakshmi
Section 3: Infections, allergic and external 32 Conjunctival tumors 290
eye disorders Jill Razor Wells and Hans Grossniklaus
12 Congenital infections of the eye 101 33 Anterior segment developmental anomalies
Luis Amaya including aniridia 297
13 Conjunctivitis of the newborn 109 Ken K Nischal
Megan Geloneck and Gil Binenbaum 34 Corneal abnormalities in childhood 314
14 Preseptal and orbital cellulitis 113 Stephen J Tuft
Richard L Scawn and Jimmy M Uddin 35 Corneal dystrophies 330
15 Endophthalmitis 124 Hans Ulrik Møller and Barry Lee
Donal Brosnahan 36 The lens 337
16 External eye disease and the oculocutaneous Jay Self and Christopher Lloyd
disorders 130 37 Childhood cataracts 346
Stephen J Tuft Scott R Lambert
17 Ocular manifestations of HIV/AIDS in children 156 38 Childhood glaucoma 362
Emmett T Cunningham Jr and Philippe Kestelyn Maria Papadopoulos and Sir Peng Tee Khaw
v
Contents
Part 5: The uvea 63 Visual conversion disorders: fabricated or
39 Pediatric iris disorders 378 exaggerated symptoms in children 649
Michael O’Keefe David S Taylor and Luis Amaya
40 Uveitis 385 64 Dyslexia 956
Clive Edelsten Sheryl M Handler
41 Albinism 403 65 Neurometabolic disease and the eye 664
C Gail Summers Jane L Ashworth and Andrew A M Morris
Part 6: Retinal and vitreous disorders 66 Pupil anomalies and reactions 681
42 Vitreous 411 Andrew G Lee
Michel Michaelides and Anthony T Moore 67 Leukemia 691
43 Retinoblastoma 424 Richard J C Bowman and Jack Bartram
Brenda L Gallie and Sameh E Soliman 68 Phakomatoses (including the neurofibromatoses) 700
44 Retinopathy of prematurity 443 John R B Grigg and Robyn V Jamieson
Graham E Quinn and Alistair R Fielder 69 Accidental trauma in children 715
45 Current treatment of retinopathy of William V Good and Susan M Carden
prematurity 456 70 Child maltreatment, abusive head trauma,
Joshua Robinson and G Baker Hubbard and the eye 725
46 Inherited retinal disorders 462 Patrick Watts
Michel Michaelides, Graham E Holder, 71 Refractive surgery in children 739
and Anthony T Moore Evelyn A Paysse
47 Retinal dystrophies with systemic associations
and the retinal ciliopathies 487 Section 6: Amblyopia, strabismus and eye movements
Hélène Dollfus Part 1: The fundamentals of strabismus and amblyopia
48 Inherited macular dystrophies 502 72 Binocular vision 746
Michel Michaelides and Anthony T Moore Eileen E Birch and Anna R O’Connor
49 Congenital pigmentary and vascular abnormalities 73 Amblyopia: basics, questions, and practical
of the retina 516 management 754
Susmito Biswas Michael X Repka
50 Retinal flecks, dots and crystals 525 74 Anatomy of strabismus 762
Panagiotis I Sergouniotis and Anthony T Moore Joseph L Demer
51 Acquired and other retinal diseases (including 75 The orthoptic evaluation 773
juvenile X-linked retinoschisis) 537 Darren T Oystreck
Mary J van Schooneveld and Jan EE Keunen Part 2: Esotropias
52 Retinal detachment in childhood 546 76 Infantile esotropias 791
Martin P Snead Glen A Gole and Jayne E Camuglia
Part 7: Neural visual systems 77 Accommodative esotropias 802
53 Congenital anomalies of the optic discs 562 David R Weakley and Erika Mota Pereira
David S Taylor 78 Special esotropias (acute comitant, sensory
54 Hereditary optic neuropathies 581 deprivation, myopia-associated and
Jason H Peragallo, Valérie Biousse, microtropia) 806
and Nancy J Newman John J Sloper
55 Other acquired optic disc abnormalities Part 3: Exotropias
in children 592 79 Intermittent exotropia 810
Stacy Pineles Michael P Clarke
56 Demyelinating, inflammatory, infectious, and 80 Special forms of comitant exotropia 818
infiltrative optic neuropathies 599 Stephen P Kraft
Gena Heidary Part 4: Vertical, “pattern” strabismus and abnormal head
57 The optic chiasm 606 postures
Michael C Brodsky 81 Vertical strabismus 827
58 Headache in children 617 Burton J Kushner
Shannon J Beres and Grant T Liu 82 “A,” “V,” and other pattern strabismus 838
59 Raised intracranial pressure 624 Burton J Kushner
Robert A Avery Part 5: “Neurological” strabismus
60 The brain and cerebral visual impairment 629 83 Congenital cranial dysinnervation disorders 848
Creig S Hoyt Ramesh Kekunnaya and Virender Sachdeva
84 Ocular motor nerve palsies 859
Section 5: Selected topics in pediatric ophthalmology Jason H Peragallo and Scott R Lambert
61 Delivering bad news 639 Part 6: Strabismus treatment
Phoebe Lenhart 85 Strabismus: nonsurgical treatment 868
62 Common issues arising in children with visual Alejandra de Alba Campomanes
impairment 643 86 Strabismus surgery 876
Carey A Matsuba David K Coats and Scott E Olitsky
vi
Contents
87 Minimally invasive strabismus surgery 905 98 “My child could see perfectly but now the vision
Saurabh Jain and Daniel Mojon is weak!” 975
88 Strabismus surgery complications and how to Luis Carlos Ferreira de Sá
avoid them 913 99 The child with a dual sensory loss (deafblind) 978
John A Bradbury and Rachel F Pilling Nicoline Schalij-Delfos
Part 7: Nystagmus and eye movements 100 “My little girl tells me she sees strange things” 981
89 Nystagmus in childhood 921 Göran Darius Hildebrand
Frank Antony Proudlock and Irene Gottlob 101 Wobbly eyes in infancy 989
90 Supranuclear eye movement disorders, acquired Narman Puvanachandra
and neurologic nystagmus 933 102 Abnormal head postures in children 992
Richard W Hertle and Nancy N Hanna Stephen P Kraft
103 Hand defects and the eye 996
Section 7: Common practical problems in a pediatric Luis Carlos Ferreira de Sá and Chong Ae Kim
ophthalmology and strabismus practice 104 Optimizing compliance in patching therapy 1002
91 “I think my baby can’t see!” 953 Christy Giligson and Vaishali Mehta
Ingele Casteels 105 Vision screening 1005
92 “My baby’s got a red eye, doctor!” 957 Sean P Donahue
Giovanni Castano 106 Self-inflicted ocular injuries 1010
93 “My child keeps blinking and closing his eye” 960 David S Taylor
Kimberley Tan 107 Apps and all that … (How my smartphone
94 “My child seems to hate the bright light” 963 changed my life) 1012
Luis H Ospina Patrick Hamel
95 “My child’s eyes keep watering!” 967
Anthony G Quinn Index 1014
96 Proptosis at different ages 970
Alan A McNab
97 “My child’s teacher says she can’t see properly!” 971
Denotes chapters with online video content.
Hanne Jensen
vii
Video contents
Chapter 19 Lids: congenital and acquired Chapter 82 “A,” “V,” and other pattern strabismus
abnormalities − practical management 82.1 Pseudo inferior oblique overaction
19.1 Insertion of prosthetic eye into postenucleation 82.2 Primary inferior oblique overaction
socket 82.3 Anti-elevation syndrome
Robert C Kersten and Richard Collin Burton J Kushner
Chapter 21 Lacrimal system Chapter 83 Congenital cranial dysinnervation disorders
21.1 Probing in a young child 83.1 Congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles
Caroline J MacEwen and Una O’Colmain (CFEOM) showing convergence on attempted upgaze
Virender Sachdeva and Ramesh Kekunnaya
Chapter 31 Conjunctiva and subconjunctival tissue
31.1 A worm being removed from beneath the lateral Chapter 85 Strabismus: nonsurgical treatment
rectus muscle 85.1 Botulinum toxin injection: closed conjunctival
Venkatesh Prajna and Perumalsamy Vijayalakshmi technique
85.2 Botulinum toxin injection: open-sky technique
Chapter 32 Conjunctival tumors Alejandra de Alba Campomanes
32.1 Corneal or conjunctival tumor being treated
Jill Razor Wells and Hans Grossniklaus Chapter 86 Strabismus surgery
86.1 Fornix incision for strabismus surgery
Chapter 36 The lens Rohit Jolly, Naomi Tan and Saurabh Jain
36.1 Subluxed lensectomy 86.2 Medial rectus recession 1
Jay Self and Christopher Lloyd Amy K Hutchinson
86.3 Medial rectus recession 2
Chapter 37 Childhood cataracts Scott R Lambert
37.1 Cataract extraction and primary intraocular lens 86.4 Medial rectus resection 3
implantation in a one-year-old child Amy K Hutchinson
37.2 In-the-bag secondary intraocular lens impantation in 86.5 Anterior transposition
a two-year-old Scott R Lambert
Scott R Lambert
Chapter 87 Minimally invasive strabismus surgery
Chapter 38 Childhood glaucoma 87.1 Minimally invasive strabismus surgery (MISS)
38.1 Trabeculotomy recession plication
38.2 Goniotomy Daniel Mojon
Sir Peng Tee Khaw, Maria Papadopoulos and John L Brookes
Chapter 88 Strabismus surgery complications and how
Chapter 45 Current treatment of retinopathy of to avoid them
prematurity 88.1 Strabismus surgery complications: pseudotendon and
45.1 Avastin injection for retinopathy of prematurity in lost muscle
neonate John A Bradbury
Joshua Robinson and G Baker Hubbard
Chapter 89 Nystagmus in childhood
Chapter 81 Vertical strabismus 89.1 Changes of nystagmus with age
81.1 Dissociated vertical divergence versus inferior oblique 89.2 Nystagmus with albinism
overaction 89.3 Spasmus nutans
81.2 Right orbital floor fracture simulating left superior 89.4 Achromatopsia
oblique palsy 89.5 Increasing head posture with visual demand
81.3 Primary inferior oblique muscle overaction 89.6 Alternating head turn in manifest latent nystagmus
81.4 Pulley heterotopia 89.7 Idiopathic infantile nystagmus with periodic
Burton J Kushner alternating nystagmus (PAN)
viii