taxonomy and ecology of amphibian communities in southern vietnam: linking morphology and ...

257 Pages·2014·5.74 MB·English

TAXONOMY AND ECOLOGY OF AMPHIBIAN
COMMUNITIES IN SOUTHERN VIETNAM:
LINKING MORPHOLOGY AND BIOACOUSTICS

TRAN, THI ANH DAO

Taxonomy and ecology of amphibian
communities in Southern Vietnam:
Linking morphology and bioacoustics

Dissertation
zur
Erlangung des Doktorgrades (Dr. rer. nat.)
der
Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät
der
Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn

vorgelegt von
TRAN, THI ANH DAO
aus
Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

Bonn, 2013

Angefertigt mit Genehmigung der Mathematisch-
Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der
Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn

1. Gutachter Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Böhme
2. Gutachter Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Wägele

Tag der Promotion:03/12/2013
Erscheinungsjahr: 2014

LIST OF CONTENTS
LIST OF CONTENTS ........................................................................ i
LIST OF TABLES .............................................................................. vi
LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................ viii
LIST OF PLATES .............................................................................. xiv
ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................ 1
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION .......................................................... 3
1. Background ....................................................................... 3
2. Study area ......................................................................... 8
2.1. Topography ............................................................... 8
2.2. Climate ...................................................................... 10
2.3. Vegetation types ....................................................... 11
2.4. Vertebrate fauna in brief .......................................... 11
2.5. Threats to the biodiversity ........................................ 13
CHAPTER II. METHODS AND MATERIALS ...................................... 15
1. Sampling and field data collecting .................................... 15
1.1. Survey sites ............................................................... 15
1.2. Survey efforts ............................................................ 18
1.3. Sampling .................................................................... 19
1.4. Call recording ............................................................ 20
2. Analyses ............................................................................ 20
2.1. Morphological analyses ............................................ 20
2.2. Acoustic analyses ...................................................... 22
2.3. Statistical analyses .................................................... 24
CHAPTER III. RESULTS .................................................................... 25
i
Bufonidae ................................................................... 26
Duttaphrynus melanostictus (Schneider, 1799) ... 26
Ingerophrynus galeatus (Günther, 1864) ............. 27
Megophryidae............................................................ 29
Brachytarsophrys intermedia (Smith, 1921) ........ 29
Leptobrachium leucops Stuart, Rowley, Tran,
Le, and Hoang, 2011 ............................................ 32
Leptobrachium pullum (Smith, 1921) .................. 35
Leptolalax bidoupensis Rowley, Le, Tran, and
Hoang, 2011 ......................................................... 38
Ophryophryne hansi Ohler, 2003 ......................... 41
Xenophrys major (Boulenger, 1908) .................... 43
Microhylidae .............................................................. 46
Calluella guttulata (Blyth, 1856) ........................... 46
Kaloula pulchra Gray, 1831 .................................. 47
Microhyla annamensis Smith, 1923 ..................... 48
Microhyla berdmorei (Blyth, 1856) ...................... 50
Microhyla heymonsi Vogt, 1911 .......................... 51
Microhyla pulchra (Hallowell, 1861) .................... 53
Microhyla sp. 1 ..................................................... 54
Microhyla sp. 2 ..................................................... 56
Dicroglossidae ............................................................ 58
Occidozyga lima (Gravenhorst, 1829) .................. 58
Occidozyga martensii (Peters, 1867) .................... 60
Fejervarya limnocharis (Gravenhorst, 1829) ........ 62
Limnonectes dabanus (Smith, 1922) .................... 64
Limnonectes poilani (Bourret, 1942) .................... 66
Ranidae ................................................................................ 69
Hylarana attigua (Inger, Orlov, and Darevsky,
1999) .................................................................... 69
Hylarana milleti (Smith, 1921) .............................. 71
Hylarana montivaga (Smith, 1921) ....................... 74
Hylarana nigrovittata (Blyth, 1856) ...................... 77
Odorrana gigatympana (Orlov, Ananjeva, and
Ho, 2006) .............................................................. 80
ii
Odorrana graminea (Boulenger, 1900) ................. 82
Rana johnsi Smith, 1921 ....................................... 84
Rhacophoridae ........................................................... 86
Chiromantis nongkhorensis (Cochran, 1927) ....... 86
Feihyla palpebralis (Smith, 1924) ......................... 88
Kurixalus baliogaster (Inger, Orlov, and
Darevsky, 1999) .................................................... 90
Polypedates megacephalus Hallowell, 1861 ........ 92
Polypedates cf. mutus (Smith, 1940) .................... 94
Raorchestes gryllus (Smith, 1924) ........................ 95
Rhacophorus annamensis Smith, 1924 ................. 98
Rhacophorus calcaneus Smith, 1924 .................... 101
Rhacophorus robertingeri Orlov, Poyarkov,
Vassilieva, Ananjeva, Nguyen, Nguyen, Geissler,
2012 ...................................................................... 103
Rhacophorus vampyrus Rowley, Le, Tran,
Stuart, and Hoang, 2010 ....................................... 106
Theloderma asperum (Boulenger, 1886) .............. 107
Theloderma bambusicolum Orlov, Poyarkov,
Vassilieva, Ananjeva, Nguyen, Nguyen &
Geissler, 2012 ....................................................... 109
Theloderma gordoni Taylor, 1962 ........................ 111
Theloderma palliatum Rowley, Le, Hoang, Dau
& Cao 2011 ........................................................... 113
Theloderma stellatum Taylor, 1962 ..................... 115
Theloderma truongsonense (Orlov & Ho, 2005) .. 117
2.4. Ecological niche segregation of amphibians in the
Langbian Plateau ..................................................... 123
3. Biogeographic relationships of the amphibian
communities among forests within and neiboring the
Langbian Plateau ............................................................ 128
3.1. Biogeographic relationships of the amphibian
communities among the forests within the
Langbian Plateau ..................................................... 128
Brachytarsophrys intermedia ............................... 130
Leptobrachium leucops ........................................ 132
iii
Leptobrachium pullum ......................................... 134
Leptolalax bidoupensis ......................................... 139
Xenophrys major .................................................. 144
Hylarana attigua ................................................... 146
Hylarana milleti .................................................... 148
Hylarana nigrovittata ........................................... 151
Chiromantis nongkhorensis ................................. 152
Kurixalus baliogaster ............................................ 154
Raorchestes gryllus .............................................. 156
Rhacophorus annamensis .................................... 158
Rhacophorus calcaneus........................................ 165
CHAPTER IV. DISCUSSION ............................................................. 167
1. Taxonomic problems and species complexes .................. 167
1.1. Brachytarsophrys intermedia ................................... 167
1.2. Hylarana nigrovittata complex ................................. 167
1.3. Polypedates leucomystax complex ........................... 168
1.4. Raorchestes gryllus ................................................... 169
1.5. Rhacophorus calcaneus and Rhacophorus
robertingeri ............................................................. 170
2. Bioacoustics ..................................................................... 171
2.1. Vocal property and behavior similarities within
the anuran families ................................................. 171
Megophryidae............................................................ 171
Ranidae ...................................................................... 173
Rhacophoridae ........................................................... 178
2.2. Multiple call types .................................................... 182
2.3. Chorus behavior ....................................................... 182
3. Diversity and biogeography of the amphibian fauna of
the Langbian Plateau...................................................... 186
3.1. Diversity .................................................................... 186
3.2. Biogeographic relationships of the amphibian
communities among the forests within and
adjacent the Langbian Plateau ................................ 188
iv