Tawantinsuyu. The Inca State and Its Political Organization

463 Pages·1992·21.185 MB·English

by  Martti Pärssinen

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Martti Pärssinen
Tawantinsuyu
Societas Historica Finlandiae
Suomen Historiallinen Seura
Finska Historiska Samfundet
Studia Historica 43
Martti Pärssinen
Tawantinsuyu
The Inca State and Its Political
Organization
SHS/Helsinki/1992
Cover design by Martti Pärssinen
Cover photograph of an Inca khipu, or knotted-string record in the
National Anthropology and Archaeology Museum, Peru by the
author
Distributor: TIEDEKIRJA
Kirkkokatu 14, 00170 Helsinki, Finland
Fax: [phone]
The Finnish Historical Society has published this study with the
permission, granted on 17 June 1992, of Turku University, Faculty
of Arts.
ISSN 0081-6493
ISBN 951-8915-62-8
Gummerus Kirjapaino Oy
Jyväskylä 1992
To the memory of my mother
Kaarina Pärssinen

Contents
Acknowledgements (cid:9) 12
Glossary (cid:9) 16
Introduction (cid:9) 19
I SOURCES (cid:9) 26
1. The Inca Texts and Writing System (cid:9) 26
1.1(cid:9) The pictographic writing of the Incas (cid:9) 26
1.2 The system of khipu (cid:9) 31
1.3. Khipu records and historical texts (cid:9) 44
2. Chronicles and Other Written Sources (cid:9) 50
2.1. The Incas and the chroniclers: some basic
problems (cid:9) 50
2.2. "Non-source-based knowledge" and the
practice of copying earlier sources (cid:9) 52
2.3. The case of Martin de Morúa. (cid:9) 53
2.4. The case of Pedro Gutierrez de Santa Clara (cid:9) 58
2.5. Visitas and other Spanish administrative records (cid:9) 68
II THE CHRONOLOGY AND AREA OF THE INCA
EXPANSION (cid:9) 71
1. The General Problem (cid:9) 71
2. Specific Problems (cid:9) 77
2.1. Specific problems relating to Guaina Inga,
Amaro Topa and Guanca Auqui (cid:9) 77
2.2. Mayta Capac (cid:9) 78
2.3. Capac Yupanqui (cid:9) 81
2.4. Viracocha Inca (cid:9) 82
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3. The Documented Inca Expansion (cid:9) 85
3.1 The Inca expansion in Chinchaysuyu (cid:9) 85
3.2 Antisuyu (cid:9) 107
3.3 Collasuyu (cid:9) 120
3.4 Cuntisuyu (cid:9) 136
III THE TOTAL POPULATION OF
TAWANTINSUYU IN 1530 (cid:9) 141
IV AN EXCURSION TO SOME GENERAL
PRINCIPLES OF ADMINISTRATION (cid:9) 152
1. Gifts, Kin and Politics (cid:9) 152
2. Acllas and Yanas (cid:9) 157
3. The Education at the Court (cid:9) 161
4. The System of Mitimaes (cid:9) 163
4.1. Mitimaes with emphasis on the economic
functions (cid:9) 164
4.2. Military mitimaes (cid:9) 167
4.3. Mitimaes with emphasis on the
sociopolitical functions (cid:9) 168
4.4. Mitimaes with emphasis on the religious
functions (cid:9) 170
V THE SOCIOPOLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CUZCO (cid:9) 171
1. Principles of the Dual and Quaternary Structures (cid:9) 171
2. The Importance of Tripartition in Inca Ideology (cid:9) 179
2.1. The myth of origin and the iconography of
Guaman Poma: two ways to
express ternary hierarchy (cid:9) 179
2.2. The triad structure of the ceque system of Cuzco 187
3. Sociopolitical Order of Prestige among the
Members of Royal Panacas (cid:9) 193
4. Theories of Simultaneous Inca Kings (cid:9) 200
4.1 Theories of Zuidema and Duviols (cid:9) 200
4.2 Three Incas of Cuzco ? (cid:9) 207
5. Spatial Division and the Sociopolitical
Organization of Cuzco (cid:9) 228
8
VI THE DIVISION OF THE INCA STATE INTO
FOUR SUYUS (cid:9) 236
1. The Four Suyus in the Semi-Sacral Area of Cuzco (cid:9) 237
2. Early Colonial Ecclesiastic Division and Tawantinsuyu (cid:9) 245
2.1 Dating of two important documents (cid:9) 245
2.2 The information of Tomås de San Martin (cid:9) 248
2.3. The demarcation line between
Chinchaysuyu and Cuntisuyu (cid:9) 249
2.4. Cuntisuyu (cid:9) 250
2.5. Demarcation between Antisuyu and Collasuyu (cid:9) 253
2.6. Demarcation between Chinchaysuyu
and Antisuyu (cid:9) 254
VII ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURES OF THE INCA
SUYUS DOWN TO PROVINCES (cid:9) 257
1. The Myth of the Inca Council (cid:9) 257
2. Ha tun Apocazgos: Possible Interprovincial
Formations (cid:9) 261
3. State Officials (cid:9) 269
3.1.1. Tocricoc, the leader of guamaní (cid:9) 269
3.1.2. Tocricocs and the question of their
residences in Chinchaysuyu (cid:9) 272
3.1.2.1. Tocricoc and the case of
Chachapoya (cid:9) 278
3.1.2.2. The cases of Tomebamba and Quito 280
3.1.2.3. The case of Vilcas (cid:9) 281
3.1.3. Tocricocs in Antisuyu (cid:9) 282
3.1.4. Tocricocs in Collasuyu (cid:9) 282
3.1.4.1. The case of Copacabana (cid:9) 282
3.1.4.2. Samaipata (cid:9) 283
3.1.4.3. Other areas of Collasuyu (cid:9) 284
3.1.5. Tocricocs in Cuntisuyu (cid:9) 285
3.1.6 Summary (cid:9) 286
3.2. Tokoyrikoqs and other visiting Inca officials (cid:9) 287
4. The Size of Inca Provinces (cid:9) 293
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