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T.C. ANADOLU ÜN‹VERS‹TES‹ YAYINI NO: 2256 AÇIKÖ⁄RET‹M FAKÜLTES‹ YAYINI NO: 1253 TARLA B‹TK‹LER‹-I Yazarlar Doç.Dr. Abdullah KARASU (Ünite 1) Prof.Dr. Nevzat YÜRÜR (Ünite 1, 3, 4) Prof.Dr. ‹lhan TURGUT (Ünite 1, 5, 6) Prof.Dr. Köksal YA⁄DI (Ünite 2, 9) Doç.Dr. Ramazan DO⁄AN (Ünite 3, 4) Prof.Dr. Yavuz EMEKL‹ER (Ünite 5, 6) Prof.Dr. M. Sait ADAK (Ünite 7, 8) Prof.Dr. Cemalettin Yaflar Ç‹FTÇ‹ (Ünite 7, 8) Prof.Dr. Nazan DA⁄ÜSTÜ (Ünite 10) Editör Prof.Dr. Köksal YA⁄DI ANADOLU ÜN‹VERS‹TES‹ Bu kitab›n bas›m, yay›m ve sat›fl haklar› Anadolu Üniversitesine aittir. “Uzaktan Ö¤retim” tekni¤ine uygun olarak haz›rlanan bu kitab›n bütün haklar› sakl›d›r. ‹lgili kurulufltan izin almadan kitab›n tümü ya da bölümleri mekanik, elektronik, fotokopi, manyetik kay›t veya baflka flekillerde ço¤alt›lamaz, bas›lamaz ve da¤›t›lamaz. Copyright © 2011 by Anadolu University All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced or stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means mechanical, electronic, photocopy, magnetic, tape or otherwise, without permission in writing from the University. UZAKTAN Ö⁄RET‹M TASARIM B‹R‹M‹ Genel Koordinatör Prof.Dr. Levend K›l›ç Genel Koordinatör Yard›mc›s› Doç.Dr. Müjgan Bozkaya Ö¤retim Tasar›mc›s› Yrd.Doç.Dr. Evrim Genç Kumtepe Ö¤r.Gör.Dr. Zekiye Rende Grafik Tasar›m Yönetmenleri Prof. Tevfik Fikret Uçar Ö¤r.Gör. Cemalettin Y›ld›z Ö¤r.Gör. Nilgün Salur Ölçme De¤erlendirme Sorumlusu Ö¤r.Gör. Günnur Tuba Türksavafl Grafikerler Nihal Sürücü Ayflegül Dibek Kitap Koordinasyon Birimi Doç.Dr. Feyyaz Bodur Uzm. Nermin Özgür Kapak Düzeni Prof. Tevfik Fikret Uçar Dizgi Aç›kö¤retim Fakültesi Dizgi Ekibi Tarla Bitkileri-I ISBN 978-975-06-0930-5 2. Bask› Bu kitap ANADOLU ÜN‹VERS‹TES‹ Web-Ofset Tesislerinde 4.000 adet bas›lm›flt›r. ESK‹fiEH‹R, Ocak 2013 ‹çindekiler iii ‹çindekiler Önsöz............................................................................................................ xiii 1. ÜN‹TE Tarla Tar›m›............................................................................. 2 TARLA TARIMININ TANIMI VE ZiRAAT SiSTEMLERi................................. 3 Kuru Ziraat Sistemi........................................................................................ 4 Sulu Ziraat Sistemi......................................................................................... 4 Nemli Ziraat Sistemi...................................................................................... 4 TOPRAK ‹fiLEME........................................................................................... 5 NADAS........................................................................................................... 6 Nadastan Beklenen Faydalar ....................................................................... 6 EK‹M NÖBET‹............................................................................................... 7 EK‹M.............................................................................................................. 7 Ekim Zaman›................................................................................................. 7 Ekim Derinli¤i................................................................................................ 8 Ekim S›kl›¤›.................................................................................................... 8 Toprak...................................................................................................... 8 Ekim Zaman›........................................................................................... 9 ‹klim......................................................................................................... 9 Çeflit......................................................................................................... 10 Ekim Yöntemleri........................................................................................... 10 GÜBRELEME.................................................................................................. 11 BAKIM............................................................................................................ 11 Ç›k›fl›n Sa¤lanmas› ....................................................................................... 11 Çapa Bitkilerinde Çapalama ve Seyreltme................................................... 11 Serin ‹klim Tah›llar›nda K›fla Giriflte Sapa Kalkman›n Önlenmesi............. 12 Zaman›nda Gübreleme................................................................................. 12 Yabanc› Ot Savafl›......................................................................................... 12 Sulama............................................................................................................ 12 Zararl›larla Savafl........................................................................................... 12 Hastal›klarla Savafl......................................................................................... 12 HASAT............................................................................................................ 12 Özet................................................................................................................ 13 Kendimizi S›nayal›m...................................................................................... 15 Kendimizi S›nayal›m Yan›t Anahtar›............................................................ 16 S›ra Sizde Yan›t Anahtar›.............................................................................. 16 Yararlan›lan Kaynaklar.................................................................................. 17 Tohumluk .................................................................................. 18 2. ÜN‹TE TOHUMLUK KAVRAMI VE ÖNEM‹............................................................. 19 Ekonomik Önemi.......................................................................................... 20 TOHUMLUK ÇEfi‹TLER‹................................................................................ 23 Vegatatif Tohumluk....................................................................................... 23 Generatif Tohumluk...................................................................................... 23 Tohum Yap›s›................................................................................................ 24 TOHUMLARIN YAfiAM SÜRELER‹................................................................ 25 TOHUMLUK YET‹fiT‹R‹C‹L‹⁄‹N‹ ETK‹LEYEN FAKTÖRLER....................... 26 ‹klim .............................................................................................................. 26 iv ‹çindekiler Toprak...................................................................................................... 26 Hastal›klar, Zararl› ve Yararl› Böcekler.................................................. 27 Bitkilerin Kendi Yetifltirilme Alanlar› D›fl›nda Yetifltirilmesi................. 27 TOHUMLUKLARDA SERT‹F‹KASYON S‹STEM‹ ......................................... 27 TOHUMLUK SINIFLARI................................................................................ 28 TOHUM ÜRET‹M‹ ........................................................................................ 29 Kendine Döllenen Bitkilerde Tohumluk Üretimi........................................ 31 Yabanc› Döllenen Bitkilerde Tohumluk Üretimi........................................ 32 Özet ............................................................................................................... 33 Kendimizi S›nayal›m ..................................................................................... 35 Kendimizi S›nayal›m Yan›t Anahtar› ............................................................ 36 S›ra Sizde Yan›t Anahtar› .............................................................................. 36 Yararlan›lan Kaynaklar.................................................................................. 37 3. ÜN‹TE Serin ‹klim Tah›llar› (Genel) .................................................. 38 SER‹N ‹KL‹M TAHILLARININ EKONOM‹K ÖNEM‹ ................................... 39 Dünya’da Serin ‹klim Tah›llar›n›n Ekonomik Önemi................................. 39 Serin ‹klim Tah›llar›n›n Türkiye’deki Önemi............................................... 39 SER‹N ‹KL‹M TAHILLARINDA ADAPTASYON............................................ 40 ‹klim ‹stekleri................................................................................................. 40 S›cakl›k........................................................................................................... 40 Nem................................................................................................................ 40 Toprak ‹stekleri............................................................................................. 41 SER‹N ‹KL‹M TAHILLARININ MORFOLOJ‹S‹ VE F‹ZYOLOJ‹S‹.................. 41 Serin ‹klim Tah›llar›nda Tane....................................................................... 41 De¤irmencilik Yönünden Tane.................................................................... 42 SER‹N ‹KL‹M TAHILLARININ GEL‹fiME DEVRELER‹.................................. 42 Çimlenme....................................................................................................... 42 Nem................................................................................................................ 42 S›cakl›k........................................................................................................... 43 Oksijen........................................................................................................... 43 Çimlenme Biyolojisi ve Fizyolojisi............................................................... 43 Ç›plak Tanelerde: ................................................................................... 43 Kavuzlu Tanelerde: ................................................................................ 44 SER‹N ‹KL‹M TAHILLARINDA KÖK S‹STEM‹.............................................. 44 Embriyonal Kökler (Primer Kökler, Çim Kökleri)....................................... 44 Adventif Kökler (Bitki Kökleri).................................................................... 45 Kök Sistemi ve K›fla, Dona Dayanma.......................................................... 45 Kardefllenme Nedir? Nas›l Oluflur?............................................................... 46 Kardefllenmenin Oluflu................................................................................. 46 TOPRAK ÜSTÜ ORGANLARI........................................................................ 46 Bitki Boyu...................................................................................................... 47 Yaprak Karakterleri ve Dayan›kl›l›k............................................................. 48 Çiçek ve Çiçeklenme.................................................................................... 48 Baflakç›k......................................................................................................... 49 Çiçek.............................................................................................................. 49 Çiçeklenme.................................................................................................... 50 Döllenme....................................................................................................... 50 Tanede Besin Maddeleri Birikmesi (Erme Devreleri)................................. 50 Tanede Dönme ve Dönmeye Etkili Faktörler............................................. 51 ‹çindekiler v SER‹N ‹KL‹M TAHILLARININ STANDARD‹ZASYONU................................ 51 S›n›f ve Alts›n›f Faktörleri............................................................................. 52 Standardizasyonun Faydalar›........................................................................ 53 TANE ÜRÜNLER‹N‹N DEPOLAMA VE SAKLANMASI................................. 54 Depolama Prensipleri.................................................................................... 54 Y›¤›n Kal›nl›¤›................................................................................................ 54 Ambarlarda K›z›flma...................................................................................... 54 Havaland›rma................................................................................................. 55 Saklama Yeri.................................................................................................. 55 Özet ............................................................................................................... 57 Kendimizi S›nayal›m ..................................................................................... 58 Kendimizi S›nayal›m Yan›t Anahtar› ............................................................ 59 S›ra Sizde Yan›t Anahtar› .............................................................................. 59 Yararlan›lan ve Kaynaklar............................................................................. 60 Bu¤day, Arpa, Yulaf, Çavdar, Tritikale................................. 62 4. ÜN‹TE BU⁄DAYIN EKONOM‹K ÖNEM‹ VE T‹CARET‹......................................... 63 Dünyada Bu¤day Ekilifl, Üretim ve Verimi.................................................. 63 Tükiye’de Bu¤day Ekilifl Üretim ve Verimleri............................................. 64 Türkiye’de Bölgelere Göre Bu¤day Ekilifl, Üretim ve Verimleri................ 64 Bölgelere Göre Ekimi Önerilen Bu¤day Çeflitleri................................ 64 Dünya Bu¤day Ticareti................................................................................. 65 Türkiye’de Bu¤day Ticareti........................................................................... 65 BU⁄DAYIN KÖKEN‹ VE YERYÜZÜNDEK‹ DA⁄ILIfiI............................... 65 BU⁄DAYIN ‹KL‹M VE TOPRAK ‹STEKLER‹................................................ 66 ‹klim ‹stekleri................................................................................................. 66 Toprak ‹stekleri............................................................................................. 66 Toprak ‹flleme................................................................................................ 67 Gübreleme..................................................................................................... 67 Ekim............................................................................................................... 67 Ekim Zaman›................................................................................................. 67 Ekim Derinli¤i................................................................................................ 67 Ekim Metodlar›.............................................................................................. 68 Tohum............................................................................................................ 69 Hasat Harman................................................................................................ 69 BU⁄DAY HASTALIK VE ZARARLILARI....................................................... 70 Hastal›klar...................................................................................................... 70 Zararl›lar......................................................................................................... 71 ARPANIN EKONOM‹K ÖNEM‹ VE T‹CARET‹............................................. 71 Dünyada Arpa Ekilifl, Üretim ve Verimi...................................................... 71 Türkiye’de Arpa Ekilifl, Üretim ve Verimi.................................................... 72 Türkiye’de Bölgelere Göre Arpa Ekilifl, Üretim ve Verimleri..................... 72 ARPANIN KÖKEN‹........................................................................................ 72 Arpada Baflak S›kl›¤›..................................................................................... 72 Arpa Tanesi (Birac›l›k Yönünden)............................................................... 72 Çeflit Ayr›l›klar› Yönünden Arpa Tanesi...................................................... 73 ARPA KÜLTÜRÜ VE HASTALIKLARI........................................................... 73 ‹klim ‹stekleri................................................................................................. 73 Toprak ‹stekleri............................................................................................. 73 Toprak ‹flleme................................................................................................ 74 vi ‹çindekiler Gübreleme..................................................................................................... 74 Ekim............................................................................................................... 74 Hasat-Harman................................................................................................ 74 Arpa Hastal›klar›............................................................................................ 74 YULAFIN EKONOM‹K ÖNEM‹ VE T‹CARET‹............................................. 74 Dünyada Yulaf Ekilifl ve Üretimi ................................................................ 74 Türkiye’de Yulaf Ekilifl, Üretim ve Verimi................................................... 75 Türkiye’de Bölgelere Göre Yulaf Ekilifl, Üretim ve Verimleri.................... 75 Yulaf Ticareti................................................................................................. 75 YULAFIN KÖKEN‹ VE TÜRK‹YE YULAF ÇEfi‹TLER‹.................................. 75 YULAFIN KÜLTÜRÜ VE HASTALIKLARI..................................................... 76 ‹klim ‹stekleri................................................................................................. 76 Toprak ‹stekleri ............................................................................................ 76 Toprak ‹flleme................................................................................................ 77 Gübreleme..................................................................................................... 77 Ekim Nöbeti................................................................................................... 77 Ekim............................................................................................................... 77 Hasat-Harman................................................................................................ 77 Yulaf Hastal›klar›........................................................................................... 78 ÇAVDARIN EKONOM‹K ÖNEM‹ VE T‹CARET‹.......................................... 78 Dünya’da Çavdar Ekilifl, Üretim ve Verimi.................................................. 78 Türkiye’de Çavdar Ekilifl, Üretim ve Verimi................................................ 78 Çavdar Ticareti.............................................................................................. 78 ÇAVDARIN KÖKEN‹ VE TÜRK‹YE ÇAVDAR ÇEfi‹TLER‹........................... 79 Türkiye Çavdar Çeflitleri:............................................................................... 79 Kültür Çavdarlar›nda Tane Rengi................................................................. 79 ÇAVDARIN KÜLTÜRÜ VE HASTALIKLARI.................................................. 79 ‹klim ‹stekleri................................................................................................. 79 Toprak ‹stekleri............................................................................................. 79 Toprak ‹flleme................................................................................................ 79 Gübreleme..................................................................................................... 80 Ekim............................................................................................................... 80 Hasat-Harman................................................................................................ 80 Çavdar Hastal›klar›........................................................................................ 80 TR‹T‹KALEN‹N EKONOM‹K ÖNEM‹ .......................................................... 80 Tritikalenin Dünyadaki Ekonomik Önemi.................................................. 80 Türkiyedeki Ekonomik Önemi ................................................................... 81 TR‹T‹KALEN‹N KÖKEN‹ VE ÇEfi‹TLER‹....................................................... 81 Türkiye Tritikale Çeflitleri.............................................................................. 81 TR‹T‹KALEN‹N KÜLTÜRÜ VE HASTALIKLARI............................................ 81 Toprak ‹stekleri............................................................................................. 81 Toprak ‹flleme................................................................................................ 81 Ekim Zaman›................................................................................................. 82 Ekim Derinli¤i ve Miktar›.............................................................................. 82 Gübreleme .................................................................................................... 82 Hastal›k, Zararl›lar ve Mücadele................................................................... 82 Hasat ve Harman........................................................................................... 82 Özet ............................................................................................................... 83 Kendimizi S›nayal›m ..................................................................................... 85 Kendimizi S›nayal›m Yan›t Anahtar› ............................................................ 86 ‹çindekiler vii S›ra Sizde Yan›t Anahtar› .............................................................................. 86 Yararlan›lan Kaynaklar.................................................................................. 87 S›cak ‹klim Tah›llar› I (M›s›r ve Dar›lar)................................. 88 5. ÜN‹TE MISIR (Zea mays L.)...................................................................................... 89 M›s›r›n Ekonomik Önemi.............................................................................. 89 Taksonomisi............................................................................................. 91 MISIRIN MORFOLOJ‹S‹................................................................................. 92 MISIRIN KÜLTÜRÜ ...................................................................................... 95 ‹klim ve Toprak ‹stekleri.............................................................................. 95 Toprak Haz›rl›¤› ........................................................................................... 96 Ekim .............................................................................................................. 96 Ekim Zaman› .......................................................................................... 96 Ekim Yöntemi.......................................................................................... 97 Bak›m....................................................................................................... 97 Çapalama................................................................................................. 97 Sulama...................................................................................................... 98 Gübreleme............................................................................................... 98 Tar›msal Mücadele ................................................................................. 99 Hasat ve Harman..................................................................................... 99 DARILAR (Sorghum sp. , Panicum sp. , Seteria sp.)................................... 99 Sorgum (Sorghum sp) 2n=20.................................................................. 99 Ekonomik Önemi.................................................................................... 100 Kumdar› (Panicum miliaceum L.) 2n=36................................................... 103 Adaptasyonu .......................................................................................... 104 Cindar› (Seteria italica L.) 2n=18................................................................. 105 Adaptasyonu .......................................................................................... 105 Dar›lar›n Beslenmedeki Önemi.................................................................... 105 Dar›lar›n Ekonomik Önemi.......................................................................... 106 DARILARIN KÜLTÜRÜ.................................................................................. 106 Özet ............................................................................................................... 108 Kendimizi S›nayal›m ..................................................................................... 109 Kendimizi S›nayal›m Yan›t Anahtar› ............................................................ 110 S›ra Sizde Yan›t Anahtar› .............................................................................. 110 Yararlan›lan ve Baflvurulabilecek Kaynaklar............................................... 111 S›cak ‹klim Tah›llar› II (Çeltik ve Kuflyemi)............................112 6. ÜN‹TE ÇELT‹K (Oryza L.)......................................................................................... 113 Çelti¤in Ekonomik Önemi............................................................................ 113 Türkiye’de Çeltik Ekilifli, Pirinç Üretimi ve Verimi..................................... 114 Çelti¤in Taksonomisi..................................................................................... 115 ÇELT‹K ÇEfi‹TLER‹........................................................................................ 117 Çeltik Çeflitlerinin S›n›fland›r›lmas›............................................................... 118 ÇELT‹⁄‹N KÜLTÜRÜ..................................................................................... 119 ‹klim ve Toprak ‹stekleri.............................................................................. 119 ‹klim istekleri........................................................................................... 119 Toprak Haz›rl›¤› ..................................................................................... 119 Ekim............................................................................................................... 120 Ekim Zaman› .......................................................................................... 120 Ekim Yöntemi ........................................................................................ 120 viii ‹çindekiler Tohumluk................................................................................................ 121 Bak›m............................................................................................................. 121 Sulama...................................................................................................... 121 Gübreleme............................................................................................... 122 Ekim Nöbeti ........................................................................................... 122 Tar›msal Mücadele.................................................................................. 122 Hasat ve Harman ......................................................................................... 122 Kurutma......................................................................................................... 122 Çelti¤in Pirince ‹fllenmesi............................................................................. 123 KUfiYEM‹ (Phalaris canariensis L.)............................................................. 124 KUfiYEM‹N‹N MORFOLOJ‹S‹........................................................................ 124 Özet................................................................................................................ 126 Kendimizi S›nayal›m...................................................................................... 127 Kendimizi S›nayal›m Yan›t Anahtar›............................................................ 128 S›ra Sizde Yan›t Anahtar›.............................................................................. 128 Yararlan›lan Kaynaklar.................................................................................. 129 7. ÜN‹TE Yemeklik Tane Baklagiller 1 ..................................................130 YEMEKL‹K TANE BAKLAG‹LLER................................................................. 131 YEMEKL‹K BAKLAG‹LLER‹N BESLENMEDEK‹ ÖNEM‹.............................. 132 ‹nsan Beslenmesindeki Önemi..................................................................... 132 Hayvan Beslenmesindeki Önemi................................................................. 133 YEMEKL‹K BAKLAG‹LLER‹N EK‹M NÖBET‹NDEK‹ ÖNEM‹...................... 133 YEMEKL‹K BAKLAG‹LLER‹N EKONOM‹K ÖNEM‹..................................... 134 Dünyadaki Ekonomik Önemi....................................................................... 134 Ülkemizdeki Ekonomik Önemi.................................................................... 135 Ülkemiz ve Dünya Yemeklik Baklagil ‹thalat ve ‹hracat›.......................... 136 FASULYE (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) 2n=22...................................................... 137 Kökeni, Tarihçesi ve Co¤rafi Da¤›l›fl›.......................................................... 137 Taksonomisi................................................................................................... 138 Phaseolus vulgaris Türünün S›n›fland›r›lmas›........................................ 138 Fasulye Standart Çeflitleri.............................................................................. 138 Türkiye’de Tescilli Baz› Fasulye Çeflitleri.............................................. 139 Morfolojisi ..................................................................................................... 139 Kök........................................................................................................... 139 Gövde ve Yapraklar .............................................................................. 139 Çiçek ....................................................................................................... 140 Bakla ve Taneler .................................................................................... 140 Kimyasal Bileflimi ......................................................................................... 140 Tanede Piflme................................................................................................ 141 ‹klim ‹stekleri................................................................................................. 141 Toprak ‹stekleri............................................................................................. 141 Kültürü........................................................................................................... 141 Toprak Haz›rl›¤› ..................................................................................... 141 Ekim Zaman› ve Yöntemleri................................................................... 142 Tohumluk................................................................................................ 142 Gübreleme............................................................................................... 142 Sulama...................................................................................................... 143 Bak›m....................................................................................................... 143 Hasat ve Harman..................................................................................... 143 ‹çindekiler ix BÖRÜLCE(Vigna sinensis L.) 2n=22........................................................... 144 Kökeni, Tarihçesi ve Yay›lma Alan›,............................................................ 144 Taksonomisi................................................................................................... 144 Vigna Cinsinin S›n›fland›r›lmas›.............................................................. 144 Börülce Standart Çeflitleri....................................................................... 144 Türkiye’de Tescilli Baz› Börülce Çeflitleri.............................................. 145 Kimyasal Bileflimi.......................................................................................... 145 Morfolojisi ..................................................................................................... 145 Kök........................................................................................................... 145 Gövde ve Yapraklar .............................................................................. 145 Çiçek ....................................................................................................... 146 Bakla ve Taneler .................................................................................... 146 ‹klim ‹stekleri................................................................................................. 146 Toprak ‹stekleri............................................................................................. 146 Kültürü........................................................................................................... 147 Toprak Haz›rl›¤› ..................................................................................... 147 Ekim Zaman› ve Yöntemleri................................................................... 147 Gübreleme............................................................................................... 147 Hasat ve Harman..................................................................................... 147 Özet ............................................................................................................... 148 Kendimizi S›nayal›m ..................................................................................... 151 Okuma Parças› ............................................................................................. 152 Kendimizi S›nayal›m Yan›t Anahtar› ............................................................ 152 S›ra Sizde Yan›t Anahtar› .............................................................................. 153 Yararlan›lan Kaynaklar.................................................................................. 153 Yemeklik Tane Baklagiller II..................................................154 8. ÜN‹TE NOHUT (Cicer arietinum L.) 2n=16............................................................ 155 Nohuttun Kökeni, Tarihçesi ve Co¤rafi Da¤›l›fl› ........................................ 155 Taksonomisi................................................................................................... 155 Cicer arietinum Türünün S›n›fland›r›lmas›............................................. 156 Tescilli Baz› Nohut Çeflitleri................................................................... 156 Morfolojisi ..................................................................................................... 156 Kök........................................................................................................... 156 Gövde ve Yapraklar .............................................................................. 156 Çiçek ....................................................................................................... 157 Bakla ve Taneler..................................................................................... 157 Kimyasal Bileflimi.......................................................................................... 157 Tanede Piflme.......................................................................................... 158 ‹klim ‹stekleri................................................................................................. 158 Toprak ‹stekleri............................................................................................. 158 Kültürü........................................................................................................... 158 Toprak Haz›rl›¤›...................................................................................... 158 Ekim Zaman› ve Yöntemleri................................................................... 158 Tohumluk ve Ekim S›kl›¤› ..................................................................... 159 Gübreleme............................................................................................... 159 Bak›m....................................................................................................... 159 Hasat ve Harman..................................................................................... 159 Hastal›k ve Zararl›lar›.............................................................................. 160 MERC‹MEK (Lens culinaris Medik.) 2n=14.................................................. 160 x ‹çindekiler Mercime¤in Kökeni, Tarihçesi ve Co¤rafi Da¤›l›fl›...................................... 160 Taksonomisi................................................................................................... 160 Mercime¤in S›n›fland›r›lmas›................................................................... 161 Lens culinaris Medik. Türünün S›n›fland›r›lmas›................................... 161 Tescil Edilmifl Baz› Mercimek Çeflitleri.................................................. 161 Morfolojisi...................................................................................................... 161 Kök........................................................................................................... 161 Gövde ve Yapraklar .............................................................................. 162 Çiçek ....................................................................................................... 162 Bakla ve Taneler .................................................................................... 162 Kimyasal Bileflimi.......................................................................................... 163 ‹klim ‹stekleri................................................................................................. 163 Toprak ‹stekleri............................................................................................. 163 Kültürü........................................................................................................... 163 Toprak ‹flleme......................................................................................... 163 Ekim Zaman› ve Yöntemleri................................................................... 164 Ekim Yöntemi.......................................................................................... 164 Tohumluk Seçimi.................................................................................... 164 Gübreleme............................................................................................... 165 Bak›m....................................................................................................... 165 Hasat ve Harman..................................................................................... 165 Hastal›k ve Zararl›lar›.............................................................................. 166 BAKLA (Vicia faba L.) 2n=12....................................................................... 166 Kökeni, Tarihçesi ve Co¤rafi Da¤›l›fl›.......................................................... 166 Taksonomisi................................................................................................... 167 S›n›fland›rma .......................................................................................... 167 Vicia faba Türünün S›n›fland›rmas›........................................................ 167 Türkiye’de Tescilli Baz› Bakla Çeflitleri................................................. 167 Morfolojisi...................................................................................................... 167 Kök........................................................................................................... 167 Gövde ve Yapraklar .............................................................................. 167 Çicek ....................................................................................................... 168 Bakla ve Taneler .................................................................................... 168 ‹klim ‹stekleri................................................................................................. 168 Toprak ‹stekleri............................................................................................. 169 Kültürü........................................................................................................... 169 Toprak Haz›rl›¤› ..................................................................................... 169 Ekim Zaman› ve Yöntemleri................................................................... 169 Gübreleme............................................................................................... 169 Bak›m....................................................................................................... 169 Hasat ve Harman..................................................................................... 170 BEZELYE (Pisum sativum L.) 2n=14............................................................ 170 Kökeni, Tariçesi ve Yay›lma Alan›............................................................... 170 Taksonomisi................................................................................................... 170 Pisum Cinsinin S›n›fland›r›lmas›............................................................. 170 Türkiye’de Tescilli Bezelye Çeflidi......................................................... 171 Kuru Bezelye Tanesinin Kimyasal Bileflimi........................................... 171 Morfolojisi...................................................................................................... 171 Kök........................................................................................................... 171 Gövde ve Yapraklar .............................................................................. 172

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Tarla Bitkileri-I. ISBN. 978-975-06-0930-5. 2. Bask›. Bu kitap ANADOLU ÜN‹VERS‹TES‹ Web-Ofset Tesislerinde 4.000 adet bas›lm›flt›r. ESK‹fiEH‹R
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Tarla Bitkileri-I. ISBN. 978-975-06-0930-5. 2. Bask›. Bu kitap ANADOLU ÜN‹VERS‹TES‹ Web-Ofset Tesislerinde 4.000 adet bas›lm›flt›r. ESK‹fiEH‹R

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Author:Unknown
Publication Year:2011
Pages:246
Language:Turkish
File Size:4.35
Format:PDF
Price:FREE
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