Target Pattern Recognition in Innate Immunity

220 Pages·2009·28.229 MB·English

by  Subhankar Mukhopadhyay, Annette Plüddemann (auth.), Uday Kishore PhD (eds.)

Target Pattern Recognition in Innate Immunity
ADVANCESINEXPERIMENTALMEDICINEANDBIOLOGY
EditorialBoard:
NATHANBACK,StateUniversityofNewYorkatBuffalo
IRUNR.COHEN,TheWeizmannInstituteofScience
ABELLAJTHA,N.S.KlineInstituteforPsychiatricResearch
JOHND.LAMBRIS,UniversityofPennsylvania
RODOLFOPAOLETTI,UniversityofMilan
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Target Pattern Recognition
in Innate Immunity
Editedby
UdayKishore,PhD
LaboratoryofHumanImmunologyandInfectionBiology, BiosciencesDivision,
SchoolofHealth SciencesandSocialCare, BruneiUniversity,
Uxbridge, London, UK
Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
Landes Bioscience
SpringerScience+BusinessMedia,LLC
LandesBioscience
Copyright©2009LandesBioscienceandSpringerScience+BusinessMedia,LLC
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Target Pattern Recognition in Innate Immunity edited by Uday Kishore, Landes Bioscience /
SpringerScience+BusinessMedia,LLCdual imprint/Springerseries: AdvancesinExperimental
MedicineandBiology.
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DEDICATION
ToBabujiandmyteachers
v
FOREWORD
Targetpatternrecognitionininnateimmunityisresponsiblefor the immediate,
usually protective, responses shownagainstinvadingmicroorganisms, and it is the
principalfeatureofselfandnon-selfrecognitionbyvirtueoftherecognitionofstruc
turesonthemicrobialpathogens,whicharenotfoundonhostcells.Thisisanarea
thathasbeenveryactivelyresearched,overapproximatelythepast 12years,and
thereforethisvolumeprovidesatimelycomprehensive,anduptodate,summaryof
thetypesandrangeofcellsurface,intracellular,andsecreted,hostproteinsinvolved
intherecognitionofmicrobialproducts,andoftheprotectivemechanismstriggered
asaresultoftherecognitionevents.
TheToll-likereceptors,firstdescribedinDrosophilaandnowwell-character
isedonhumancells,provideanexcellentdemonstrationofthewiderangeofdiffer
entmicrobialproductsrecognizedbythisfamilyofreceptorsandofthesignalling
pathwayswhicharetriggeredthus leadingtoinductionofinflammatorycytokines
andtheactivationofgenesproducingantimicrobialproducts. Inaddition, several
cell surface proteins involved in target pattern recognition have been described
on the surfaces ofmacrophages (macrophagemannose receptorand macrophage
scavenger receptors), and on dendritic cells (DEC205), and to be involved with
theuptakeandclearanceofwholemicroorganismsandpolyanioicligands.Pattern
recognitionisalsoutilisedbyintracellularreceptors,withNOD-likereceptorsinthe
cytosolrecognizingmicrobialmoleculesandactivatingtheproductionofinflamma
torycytokinesorpathwaysthatinducetheproductionofinflammatorymolecules.
Secretedproteins,suchasthepentraxins,whichincludestheacutephasereacting,
C-reactiveprotein(CRP)andserumamyloidprotein(SAP),andthecollectins(man
nan binding lectin, lung surfactantproteinAand D) and ficolins can also readily
recruitkillingandclearancesystems.Indeed,theserumcomplementsystem,which
isoneofthemajordefencesystemsinthebloodstream,isefficientlyactivatedby
CRPonitsbindingtothephosphocholinegroupsofmicrobialphospholipids-and
thesubsequentinteractionoftheboundCRPwithClq-togiveclassicalpathway
activation,orMBL,orficolin,bindingtoarraysofmannoseorN-acetyl-glucosamine
residues, respectively,onthesurfacesofmicroorganisms-togivelectinpathway
activation.Also,inadditiontotheactivationandclearanceeventsassociatedwith
vii
viii Foreword
complementactivationbysomeofthesecretedpatternrecognitionreceptors,itis
accepted that all these pattern recognition receptors can generally accelerate the
uptakeandclearanceofmicrobesviaphagocyticcells.
Inviewofthe growinginterestin thecross-talkbetweeninnateandadaptive
immunity,athoroughunderstandingoftheinitialrecognitionandtriggeringevents,
mediatedviainnateimmunereceptors,asaddressedinthisvolume,isclearlyvery
usefulinhelpingtoalsofullyunderstandthemechanismsofactivationandcontrol
oftheadaptiveimmunesystem-andtoallowafullassessmentoftherelativeroles
playedbyinnateimmunityandadaptiveimmunityagainstaparticularinfectionin
higherorganisms.
ProfKennethB.M Reid, FRS
Director, MRCImmunochemistryUnit
DepartmentofBiochemistry
UniversityofOxford
Oxford, UK
PREFACE
Patternrecognitionininnateimmunityhasalwaysfascinatedme.Thedramatic
riseinthepopularityandintensityofthisareaofresearchinterestinglycoincidedwith
mytimeasapostdoctoralfellowatOxford.WhenIwasaskedbyRonLandesfrom
LandesBioscienceifIwouldbe interestedineditingabookonthe title, Ireadily
agreed.ItistothecreditofRon,Cynthiaandtheirexcellentteam,andoutstanding
contributionsbysomebrilliantscientistsinthefield, thatthisbookisareality.
Thefirstchapterdiscussestheimportanceofthemacrophage,itspatternrecog
nitionreceptorsanditsrelevancetoinnateimmunity.Thesubsequentchaptershave
beenlooselygroupedasreceptorsandsensors (Toll-likereceptorsandNOD-like
receptors) andsoluble factors (collectins, pentraxins and complement). There are
additionalchaptersthatcollectivelyaddressthemolecularandstructuralorganisa
tionsoftheseinnateimmunemolecules.Theroleoftargetpatternrecognitioninthe
clearanceofapoptoticcellshasalsobeendiscussed,followedbyDrosophilainnate
immunemechanismsasamodelforstudyinginnateimmunity.Finally,twochapters
discussingtheinvolvementofinnateimmunityindealingwithtwodevastatingpatho
gens, Plasmodium and Mycobacteria, have been included The bookchapters have
beenwrittenbywellestablishedandrespectedscientistsintheirrespectivefields of
research.Itwasarealdelighttolearnmoreaboutsuchanexcitingfieldwhileediting
suchbeautifullycraftedchapters.
Thefieldofinnateimmunityhasexpandeddramaticallyinlastdecade.Itsimpact
andimportanceonhumanhealthanddiseaseisbeingunderstoodbetterthanever.The
understandingoftheabilityoftargetpatternrecognitionmoleculestomodulateand
linkwithadaptiveimmuneprocessesviaarangeofmechanismsandpathwayshas
beenagenuinerevelation. Notsurprisingly,thisaspectofImmunologyisincreas
inglybecomingamajorcomponentofmedicalandmedicine-relatedcurriculum.It
islargelyhopedthatthisbookwillbeausefulstartpointforstudents,teachersand
activeresearchers.
During the course ofplanning and organising this book, Ihave greatly ben
efittedfrom myinteractionwithtwoofmymentors(KenReidandBobSim),my
colleagues(BrittaUrban,RohitGhai,TrinadChakraborty,TonyTsolakiandPatrick
Waters),collaborators(AlokAggrawalandTarunaMadan), andahugenumberof
ix
x Preface
mystudents.Infact,myundergraduateandpostgraduatestudentshavebeenagreat
sourceofinspirationtoundertakethisproject.IwouldliketothankRonLandesfor
providingmewiththis greatopportunitytoeditabookintheareathatissoclose
tomyheart.
Isincerelyhopethatthereaderswillfindthisbookinteresting,comprehensive
andwellorganised.
UdayKishore, PhD
LaboratoryofHumanImmunologyandInfectionBiology
BiosciencesDivision
SchoolofHealthSciencesandSocialCare
BruneiUniversity
Uxbridge, London, UK