Tandem Techniques

569 Pages·1997·5.606 MB·English

by  Raymond P. W. Scott

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Tandem Techniques
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SEPARATION SCIENCE SERIES
Editors: Raymond P. W. Scott, Colin Simpson and Elena D. Katz
Quantitative Analysis using Chromatographic Techniques
Edited by Elena D. Katz
The Analysis of Drugs of Abuse
Edited by Terry A. Gough
Liquid Chromatography Column Theory
by Raymond P. W. Scott
Silica Gel and Bonded Phases Their Production, Properies and Use in LC
by Raymond P. W. Scott
Capillary Gas Chromatography
by David W. Grant
High Performance Liquid Chromatography: Principles and Methods in Biotechnology
Edited by Elena D. Katz
Tandem Techniques
by Raymond P. W. Scott
Page iii
Tandem Techniques
by
Raymond P. W. Scott
Georgetown University, Washington DC, USA
and
Birbeck College, University of London, UK
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Copyright © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons Ltd,

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Scott, Raymond P. W. (Raymond Peter William), 1924-
Tandem techniques / Raymond P. W. Scott.
p. cm. - (Separation science series)
Includes bibiographical references and index.
ISBN 0-471-96760-2
1. Chromatographic analysis. I. Title. II. Series.
QD79.C4S3837 1997 96-42339
543'. 089-- dc20 CIP
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data:
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 0 471 96760 2
Typeset by the author
Printed and bound in Great Britain by Bookcraft (Bath) Ltd.
This book is printed on acid-free paper responsibly manufactured from sustainable forestation, for
which at least two trees are planted for each one used for paper production.
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CONTENTS
Part 1 1
Introduction To Tandem Systems
Chapter 1 3
Introduction To Tandem Techniques
The Evolution of Analytical Instruments 3
Separation Techniques for Tandem Systems 7
Chromatography 7
Gas Chromatography 9
Gas Chromatography Columns. 13
Liquid Chromatography. 18
Liquid Chromatography Columns 19
Thin Layer Chromatography 25
The Function of the Chromatographic Column 27
Peak Dispersion 30
Capillary Electrophoresis 35
Zone Electrophoresis 36
Isotachophoresis 37
Isoelectric Focusing 38
Capillary Electrophoresis Apparatus 40
Synopsis 41
References. 43
Chapter 2 45
Identification Techniques For Tandem Use
Introduction to Identification Techniques 45
Spectroscopy Involving the Absorption and Emission of 48
Electromagnetic Waves
UV and Visible Spectroscopy 48
Fluorescence Spectroscopy 55
Infrared Spectroscopy 59
IR Spectroscopy Instrumentation 62
Raman Spectroscopy 66
Atomic Spectra 73
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy 75
Chiro-Optical Measurements 76
Polarization Modulation 79
Practical Chiral Measuring Devices 80
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Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 82
The NMR Spectrometer 87
Mass Spectrometry 90
The Sector Mass Spectrometer 90
The Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer 94
The Ion Trap Detector 97
The Time of Flight Mass Spectrometer 99
Synopsis 101
References 103
Chapter 3 105
Interface Conduits
Dispersion in Open Tubes 105
Gas Chromatography Columns and Connecting Tubes 105
Liquid Chromatography Columns and Connecting Tubes 113
Low Dispersion Connecting Tubes 122
Serpentine Tubes 126
Synopsis 128
References 129
Part 2 131
Gas Chromatography Tandem Systems
Chapter 4 133
Gas Chromatography Ir Spectroscopy (Gc/Ir) Tandem Systems
The Early GC/IR/M S Triplet System 134
Modem GC/IR Systems 138
Light Pipe Interfaces 138
The Cryostatic Interface 147
Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) Coupled with GC/IR and 153
GC/MS
Synopsis 162
References 163
Chapter 5 165
Gas Chromatography / Mass Spectroscopy (Gc/Ms) Tandem Systems
Vapor Concentrators 165
The Ryhage Concentrator 166
The Bieman Concentrator 167
Ion Sources Used in GC/M S 168
Electron Impact Ionization 168
Chemical Ionization 171
The Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer Ion Source 174