Table Of ContentTailoring of Mechanical Properties
of Si N Ceramics
3 4
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Series E: Applied Sciences - Vol. 276
Tailoring of
Mechanical Properties
of Si N Ceramics
3 4
edited by
Michael J, Hoffmann
and
Günter Petzow
Max-Planck-Institut für Metallforschung,
Institut für Werkstoffwissenschaft,
Pulvermetallurgisches Laboratorium,
Stuttgart, Germany
Springer Science+Business Media, B.V.
Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on
Tailoring of High Temperature Properties of SiN Ceramics
3 4
Schloss Ringberg / Munich, Germany
October 6-9,1993
A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN 978-94-010-4430-1 ISBN 978-94-011-0992-5 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-011-0992-5
Printed on acid-free paper
All Rights Reserved
© 1994 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1994
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1994
No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or
utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photo
copying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written
permission from the copyright owner.
CONTENTS
Preface
ListofParticipants
I. Processingand Densification
Colloidal ProcessingofStructurallyReliableSiaN4* 3
F.F. Lange, E.P. Luther
SiliconNitrideMaterialsfor EngineApplications * 19
J.G. Heinrich, H. Kriiner
HighTemperatureResistant Silicon-NitrideCeramicsbyOptimized 43
Two-StepGas PressureSintering
R. Oberacker, G. Grathwohl
II. Microstructure- Development,
Characterizationand Influence
on Mechanical Properties
Analysis ofMicrostructuralDevelopment and Mechanical Propertiesof 59
SbN4Ceramics *
M.J. Hoffmann
3D-CharacterizationofSinteredMicrostructureswith Prismatic 73
Grains - A Preconditionfor MicrostructuralModellingofSiaN4
Ceramics **
F. Miicklich, J. Ohser, S. Hartmann, M.J. Hoffmann, G. Petzow
MicrostructuralContributions to the FractureResistanceofSilicon 87
NitrideCeramics *
P.F. Becher, S.L. Hwang, H.T. Lin, T.N. Tiegs
Improvement ofStrength and ToughnessofSiliconNitrideCeramics * 101
Y. Tajima, K. Urashima
vi
III. PhaseDiagrams
andSiAlON Composites
CalculationofPhaseDiagramsofMulticomponent Systems 113
M. Hillert
{3SiAlONTransformation 125
Q';:::::
D.P. Thompson
High PerformanceSiliconNitrideCompositeCeramicsThroughGrain 137
Boundary and MicrostructuralTailoring
T.S. Yen
SiAlONCompositeCeramics* 149
Th. Ekstrom
IV. Grain BoundaryPhases
N.1. PropertiesofOynitrideGlasses
Structure, Formation, and Stability ofOxynitrideGlasses 167
R.E. Loehman
Rheological BehaviorofYSiAlONGlasses - ItsIncidenceonthe 175
High-TemperatureDeformationofSi3N4CeramicsSinteredwith
Al203and Y203Additives
T. Rouxel, H. Lemercier, J.-L. Besson
Devitrification BehaviorofOxynitrideGlasses 187
St. Hampshire
N.2. DevitrificationinSiliconNitrideCeramics
Crystallization oftheNanophasein SiliconNitrides 201
R. Raj
CrystallizationofGrain Boundary Phasesin SiliconNitrideand 217
SiAlON Ceramics *
M.H. Lewis
vii
High-Temperature PropertiesofYb-Containing Si3N4 233
M.J. Hoffmann
Processing, PhaseFormationand CreepBehaviorofSi3N4with YzOa 245
and Al20a
H. Schubert, E. Gehrke
N.3. AnalysisandCharacterizationofIntergranular
GrainBoundaryFilms
HighResolutionElectronMicroscopy Studieson SiliconNitride 259
Ceramics •
H.-J. Kleebe, M.K. Cinibulk, I. Tanaka, J. Bruley, J.S. Vetrano,
M. Rahle
Compositionsand ThicknessesofGrain Boundary Films inCa-Doped 275
SiliconNitride Ceramics
1. Tanaka, J. Bruley, H. Gu, M.J. Hoffmann, H.-J. Kleebe,
R.M. Cannon, D.R. Clarke, M. Rahle
TheIntergranularFilmin SiliconNitrideCeramics: ADiffuseInterface 291
Approach
D.R. Clarke
V. HighTemperature Properties
CreepDamageMechanisms inSbN4 305
S.M. Wiederhorn, W.E. Luecke, B.J. Hockey, G.G. Long
CreepMechanismsin SiliconNitride Ceramics 327
D.S. Wilkinson
TensileCreepRuptureand Subcritical CrackGrowthofSiliconNitride 339
T.Ohji
Internal Stresses in SiliconNitrideandTheirInfluenceonMechanical 353
Behavior
W. Pompe, H. Kessler
CyclicFatigue-CrackGrowth in SiaN4-Ceramics 365
R.H. Dauskardt
viii
Subcritical CrackGrowthofSi3N4underThermalLoadingbyLight 379
Irradiation
G.A. Schneider
Subcritical CrackGrowthResistanceinSiliconNitrideCeramics 389
1. Tanaka
VI. Mechanical PerformanceandApplications
FractureBehaviorofSiliconNitrideat ElevatedTemperatures • 403
M. Matsui, M. Masuda
Mechanical Performanceofa CommercialSiliconNitride Pre-Exposed 415
toa SulphidizingAtmosphereat HighTemperature
C. Saraiva Martins, M. Steen, J. Bressers, 1. GuerraRosa
CeramicsforEngines • 429
K.D. Morgenthaler, H. Buh]
Fabricationand HighTemperaturePropertiesofSiliconNitride 443
Ceramics withTransitionMetalSilicidesDispersion
Y. Tajima, K. Mizuno, K. Matsubara, M. Watanabe
AuthorIndex 451
Subject Index 453
•Presentedas PlenaryLectureat SiliconNitride93, Stuttgart.
..Not orally presentedat the Workshop.
PREFACE
Significantprogresshasbeenmadeinrecentyears indevelopingsiliconnitrideceramics.
The advances that have been achieved are mainly based on an increasing understanding of
processing and microstructure-properties relationships. New analytical methods and high
resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) coupled with extensive phase
equilibria studies have provided new insights into the grain boundary region and offer the
possibility to tailor the microstructure for specific applications. Because ofthe anticipated
break-through in industrial applications there are still considerablt; research activities at
industriallaboratoriesaswellasotherresearchcentres.
Thisvolume presentsthecontributionstothe internationalworkshop "TailoringofHigh
Temperature Properties ofSi3N4-Ceramics" with 60 participants from 12 countries held on
6th - 9th October 1993 at SchloB Ringberg in Germany, the conference site ofthe Max
Planck-Society. Additionally, it contains all invited papers ofthe International Conference
"Silicon Nitride 93" held before the workshop on 4th - 6th October 1993 in
Stuttgart/Germany. The book covers all recent research activities on silicon nitride ceramics
andgivesanoverviewwithrespecttorecentdevelopments.
The presented papers are divided into six main chapters: the topics of the first two
chapters are mainly covered bycontributions presented at "SiliconNitride 93" and include a
detailedanalysisofthe microstructure-propertiesrelationshipsatroom temperature. Thethird
chapter demonstrates the importance of phase diagrams for silicon nitride ceramics and
discusses the potential of SiAION ceramics. The largest space is taken up by the chapter
"GrainBoundaryPhases"whichexposespropertiesofoxynitrideglasses,thecrystallizationof
amorphous phases in silicon nitride ceramics, and the analysis and characterization of
intergranular grain boundary films. Recent investigations ofthe high temperature properties
suchas creep behaviour, fatigue, and subcritical crackgrowth are introduced inchapterfive.
Thelastchapterdealswiththemechanicalperformanceandpotentialapplications.
A workshop can not suceed without the contribution ofa number ofpeople. Therefore,
the organizers would like to acknowledge the session chairmen D.R. Clarke, T.Y. Tien, F.F.
Lange, R. Raj, W. Pompe, P.F. Becher, and RJ. Brookfor keeping the sessions movingand
for promoting livelydiscussions. We especially express ourgraditude to the chairman ofthe
final discussion R.M. Cannon who also helped us to prepare the workshop programme.
Finallywe would liketo thankJutta Weber-Bock for herefficient handlingofthe secretarial
workinvolvedinpreparingtheprogrammeandeditingtheproceedings.
The organizers also gratefullyacknowledge the financial support provided by: Deutsche
Forschungsgemeinschaft, Bonn Germany; Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Munich Germany;
NATOScientificAffairsDivision,BrusselsBelgium.
Stuttgart MJ. Hoffmann
June 1994 G. Petzow
ix
ListofParticipants
including
List ofInvitedSpeakers, SiliconNitride93
Prof.Dr. FritzAldinger, Max- Planck-Institut fUr Metallforschung, Institut fUr
Werkstoffwissenschaft, PML, Heisenbergstr. 5, D - 70569Stuttgart, GERMANY
Dr.-Ing. UlrichBast, SiemensAG, ZFEBTMR23, Otto-Hahn-Ring 6,
D - 81739Munchen, GERMANY
Dr. PaulBecher*, OakRidgeNationalLaboratory, Metals & CeramicsDivision, Box2008,
OakRidge, TN37831-6068, USA
Dr. WolfgangBraue, German AerospaceResearchEstabl. (DLR), MaterialsResearch
.Institute, Porz-Wahnheide, LinderH6he, D - 51147K6ln, GERMANY
Prof.Dr.RJ. Brook, UniversityofOxford, Department ofMaterials, ParksRoad,
Oxford OX1 3PH, ENGLAND
Dr. RowlandM. Cannon, UniversityofCalifornia, LBL, HearstMiningBldg.,
Berkeley, CA94720, USA
Prof. I-WeiChen, University ofMichigan, Dept ofMaterialsScience & Eng., Dow2086,
2300Hyward St, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2136, USA
Prof.Dr.D.R Clarke, University ofCalifornia, Dept. ofMaterialsEng. III,
SantaBarbara, CA93106, USA
Dr. ReinholdIiDauskardt, StanfordUniversity, Dept. ofMaterials Science& Engineering,
Stanford, CA94305-2205, USA
Dr. C.Dewitte, Development Engineer, NGK CeramicsEuropeS.A., Rue des Azalees 1,
B - 7331 Baudour, BELGIUM
Dr. ThommyEkstrom*, University ofStockholm, Arrhenius Laboratory, Inorganic
Chemistry, S - 10691 Stockholm, SWEDEN
xj
