t able of contents

182 Pages·2012·8.11 MB·English

T ABLE OF CONTENTS
The Biological Activity of Some Mixed Sucrose and Glucose Esters from Exotic
Tobacco Cultivars. Cutler, H. G., R F. Severson, P. D. Cole, V. A. Sisson,
M. D. Jackson, M. G. Stephenson ................................... 1
Increasing Artemisinin Production Through Biotransformation of Precursors.
Chen, P. K., C. Lukonis, L. Go, G. R Leather .......................... 2
Lysophosphatidylethanoleamine, A Natural Lipid, Enhances Ripening and Improves
Keeping Quality of Tomato Fruits Without Damage to Leaves. Farag, K. M.,
J. P. Palta ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 9
Chitosan, Does It Have a Place in Agriculture?
Freepons, D ................................................... 11
Enhancing Nutritional Status of Plants With Bioregulators.
Stutte, C. A., T. H. Clark, C. Guo ................................... 20
Stimulation of Growth and the Monoterpene Production of Salvia officinalis by
Benzyladenine in vitro. Tawfik, A. A., P. E. Read, S. Cuppett ................ 21
Uptake, Translocation and Metabolism of Dihydrozeatin Applied to the Surface of Leaves
of Whole Plants. Sanderson, K. J., P. E. Jameson ........................ 23
The Effect of Release and Seeding Rate on Rice Production. Dunand, R T. . ............ 31
Plant Growth Regulator Type and Rate Influence Micropropagation of Chestnuts (Castanea
spp.). Auko, C. 0., P. E. Read, S. D. Kachman, K. M. Eskridge .............. 33
Growth and Lipid Content of Osmo-Tolerant and Sensitive Algae. Orcutt, D. M.,
C. L. Goedhart ................................................. 34
Detection of Herbicidal Properties: Scope and Limitations of the Etiolated Wheat
Coleoptile Bioassay. Jacyno, J. M., H. G. Cutler ......................... 36
Effect of Benzyladenine on the Oil Constituents of Rosemary Plants Regenerated from
Callus. Tawfik, A. A., P. E. Read ................................... 37
Effect of Duration of Low Temperature Treatment on Flowering of Containerized 'Tommy
Atkins'Mango. Nunez-Elisea, R, T. L. Davenport ........................ 39
Control of Anthesis in Coffee with Gibberellins. Crisosto, C. H., R. V. Osgood,
J. L. Ingamells ...... ',' ......................................... 42
Shoot Emergence, Growth and Leaf Development of Citrus Seeds Treated with Uniconazol.
Fucik, J. E., D. Davila ........................................... 45
Mechanical Stress and Drought Stress Effects on Height Control of Greenhouse Crops.
Barrett, J. E., T. A. Nell .......................................... 50
111
Pac1obutrazol Reduces Insecticide Phytotoxicity Damage on Salvia. Latimer, J. G.,
R. D. Oetting .................................................. 57
The Effect of a Transpiration Minimizer and A Hydrophilic Water Absorbant on
Establishment and Growth of White (Concolor) Fir Transplants. Carroll, R.,
A. R. Templeton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Hormonal Control of Sexual Differentiation in Lagenaria siceraria. Ying, Z.,
K. R. Narayanan ............................................... 62
Effects of Dikegulac-Sodium and BA Plus G~+7 to Enhance Lateral Branching of Golden
Pothos. AI-Juboory, K. H., D. J. Williams ............................. 64
Cultivar Response of Marigold to Triazole Compounds. Gilbertz, D. A. . .............. 70
Beneficial Applications of Plant Growth Regulators to Economically Important Seaweeds.
Bradley, P. M., D. P. Cheney ...................................... 72
H202-Scavenging Enzymes and Antioxidants in Echinochloafrwnentacea as Affected by
Triazoles. Sankhla, N., A. Upadhyaya, T. D. Davis, D. Sankhla ............... 78
Triazole Plant Growth Regulators Influence Somatic Embryogenesis and Plantlet
Regeneration in Tissue Cultures of Echinochloafrwnentacea. Sankhla, A.,
T. D. Davis, D. Sankhla, N. Sankhla, A. Upadhyaya, S. Joshi ................ 84
Partial Safening of Clomazone in Com With Two Phenoxy acetic Acid Compounds.
Devlin, R. M., 1. 1. Zbiec .......................................... 90
Effe9ts of Several Plant Growth Regulators on Lignin Content in Wheat
Straw. Buta, J. G., D. W. Spaulding ................................. 97
Comparison of Growth Retardants on Potted Impatiens. Holcomb, E. J., M. Rose,
L. Gohn ..................................................... 99
Effects of Temperature Regimes on Growth and GA Levels in Genetic Dwarfs of Apple.
Steffens, G. L., P. Hedden ....................................... 105
Thidiazuron: In vitro Shoot Proliferation and Leaf Modification of Prunus serotina.
Eliasson, M. K., C. A. Beyl ....................................... 106
Aspirin and Sulfanilamide Improve Processed Potato Quality. Nickell, L. G ............ 115
Effect of Flavonoids on Soybean Nodulation and Yield. Clark, T. H., C. A. Stutte 121
Video graphic Analysis and Root Dynamics in Cotton and Soybeans. Ball, R. A.,
C. A. Stutte . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Response of Maize and Rice to 9-B-L(+) Adenosine Applied under Different Environmental
Conditions. Ries, S., V. Wert ..................................... 131
Lipid Antioxidants and Soybean Seed Storage. Aho, D. W., D. J. Parrish, D. M. Orcutt 133
Video graphic Classification Analysis of Bioregulator Treated Crops. Stutte, C. A.,
T. C. Clark, R. A. Ball .......................................... 134
iv
Tmfgrass Response to Cimectacarb. Vitolo, D. B., P. J. Porpiglia, J. W. Peek,
R. L. Brooks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Influence of Atrinal, Figaron and RSW 0411 Treatments on Calendula ojficinalis, L. Plants.
AlBadawy, A. A., N. M. Abdalla, A. A. El-Sayed ........................ 140
Microbial Transformations of Bioactive Substrates. Hufford, C. D. . ................ 148
The Role of Polyamines in in vitro Cold Hardiness of White Clover (Trifpliwn repens L.).
MacLeod, K. D. A., J. Nowak ..................................... 154
After Discovery: The Issue of Supply in the Development of Plant Drugs.
McChesney, J. D ............................................... 160
Brushing Vegetable Transplants for Height Control: Survey of Cultivar Responses.
Latimer, J. G., S. A. Baden ....................................... 166
Environmental Factors in Blossom Thinning Apple Trees With Monocarbamide
Dihydrogensulfate (MCDS). Curry, E. A., M. W. Williams ................. 168
Injury, Regrowth and 14C-Sucrose Translocation in Canada Thistle Following
Treatments of Mefluidide, Flurprimidol and Systemic Herbicides. Tworkoski, T. J.,
J. P. Sterrett ................................................. 169
Effect of a PGR Product and FE on Water-Stressed Kentucky Bluegrass. Nabati, D. A.,
R. E. Schmidt, D. J. Parrish ....................................... 170
Effects of Biozyme TF on Russeting in Golden Delicious Apple. Ramirez, H., A. Macias,
A. Kamara . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
Index of Authors .................................................... 175
v

The Biological Activity of Some Mixed Sucrose and Glucose Esters
From Exotic Tobacco Cultivars
l l l
Horace G. Cutler , Ray F. Severson Patsy D. Cole
2 2 3
Vernon A. Sisson , Michael D. Jackson , Michael G. Stephenson
Sets of mixed sucrose and glucose esters, sucrose esters, and glucose esters were isolated
from exotic tobacco species and evaluated for their biological activity in the etiolated wheat
coleoptile bioassay and in impregnated disk assays against selected Gram-positive and Gram
negative bacteria. Tops of selected field grown tobacco were harvested and dipped into
methylene chloride; the resulting solution was evaporated in vacuo to remove the solvent and the
extracts containing the sugar esters were separated by chromatography. These were subjected
to capillary gas chromatography to obtain the mass, molecular formulae, and fragmentation
patterns. Following segregation into groups of a) mixed sucrose and glucose esters; b) mixed
sucrose esters; and c) mixed glucose esters, extracts of each tobacco species were tested for
biological activity.
Plant bioassays were conducted on etiolated wheat coleoptiles obtained from 4-day-old
Triticum aestivum L. cv. Wakeland seedlings. Etiolated seedlings were harvested under a
safelight at 540 nm and roots and caryopses were discarded. The apical 2 mm were cut away
and discarded while the next 4 mm were cut and retained for bioassay. Compounds were
dissolved in acetone and 5 ml of phosphate-citrate buffer at pH 5.6, supplemented with 2%
sucrose to make a 10-3 M stock solution. From these, dilutions were made to 10-4, 10-5 and 10-6
M; ten 4 mm coleoptiles were added to each test tube and incubated for - 18 hours. Sections
were then measured relative to controls. Bacterial bioassays were carried out on Bacillus subtilis,
B. cereus, Mycobacterium thermosphactum (all Gram-positive) and Escherichia coli, E. cloacae,
and Citrobacter freundii (all Gram-negative). Organisms were densely seeded onto nutrient agar
plates and 4 trim disks were impregnated with each compound to be tested at 50, 250, and 500
~g, then incubated at 37°C overnight.
Those species predominantly containing both sucrose and glucose esters were Nicotiana
cavicola, N. debneyi, N. noctijlora, N. maritima, and N. palmerii. Sucrose esters appeared in
N. simulans, N. plumbaginifolia, and N. langsdoifii. Glucose esters were present in N. miersii.
Acid chainlengths ranged from C4-C7 and contained CH branching. With the exception of N.
3
3
langsdoifii, all exhibited inhibitory activity against growth of etiolated wheat coleoptiles at 10-
to 10-4 M. Activity against bacteria varied, depending upon whether they were Gram-positive
or Gram-negative, and was species dependent.
lUSDA, ARS, Richard B. Russell Center, Athens, GA 30613; 2USDA, ARS, Oxford, NC 27565;
3USDA, ARS, Tifton, GA 31793
1
INCREASING ARTEMISININ PRODUCTION THROUGH
BIOTRANSFORMATION OF PRECURSORS
l l l 2
P. K. Chen , C. Lukonis , Linda Go , and G. R. Leather
ABSTRACT
Artemisinin, a sesquiterpene lactone with an endoperoxide moiety, is
an antimalarial agent isolated from sweet wormwood (Artemisia annua).
Recent studies have shown that artemisinin has good potential as a
natural herbicide. Five different monoterpenes (borneol, camphor,
limonene, menthol, and pinene) and two sesquiterpenes (artemisic acid and
arteannuin B) were used in biotransformation studies to increase
!.
artemisinin production in annua green callus tissue and leaf tissue
homogenate. The results revealed that borneol, pinene,and a combination
of artemisic acid and arteannuin B can increase artemisinin production
significantly. Addition of glucose oxidase and tyrosinase to the tissue
culture of leaf homogenate did not further increase the yield of
artemisinin.
lDepartment of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.
20057.
2Foreign Disease-\'leed Science Research Unit, ARS, U. S. Department of
Agriculture, Frederick, MD 21702
2
INTRODUCTION
Artemisinin is an antimalarial agent that was isolated from sweet
wormwood (Artemisia annua) by Chinese and American scientists (Klayman
1985, Luo and Shen 1987). The herbicidal potential of artemisinin has
been reported by Chen and Leather (1990), Chen et al. (1991), and Duke et
al. (1987). Chen and Leather have also demonstrated that artemisinin
caused phytotoxicity in a number of weeds and vegetable plants except
corn and flax. The mode of action of artemisinin in plants is different
than that of two commonly used herbicides 2,4-D and glyphosate in
mungbean and Lemna minor bioassay systems (Chen, et al. 1991).
Akhila et al. (1987) reported that artemisic acid and arteannuin Bare
immediate precursors of artemisinin. However, the content of artemisinin
in !. annua is very low. On the other hand, the contents of its
precursors such as artemisic acid (AA) and arteannuin B (AB) are two to
ten times higher than artemisinin. Therefore, this study was to explore
whether plant tissue culture and plant leaf tissue homogenates could use
artemisic acid, arteannuin B, and other precursors to increase the yield
of artemisinin.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Fresh leaf tissue of A. annua was harvested from the garden grown
plants and chopped into small pieces. About two grams of this chopped
tissue were transferred to a flask containing 50 ml of 20% methanol in a
sodium acetate and phosphate buffer (pH 7.0, 0.02 M) solution. After one
day incubation, all the cultures were extracted with ethyl acetate to
isolate artemisinin.
3
Green callus tissue cultures were established from lateral buds of
selected greenhouse grown seedlings. This culture has been maintained in
a modified Murashige and Skoog shoot multiplication medium A (half of the
recommended amount and supplemented with naphthalene acetic acid at 2
mg/l), and transferred at monthly intervals for more than 30 times.
For transformation experiments, about two grams of the green callus
tissue were transferred to 50 ml of the same liquid medium for seven
days, then the precursors were added. Five different monoterpenes
borneol, camphor, limonene, menthol, and pinene, two sesquiterpenes
namely, artemisic acid and arteannuin B (kindly provided by Drs. Klayman
and N. Acton, Water Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, D.C.)
were incorporated into the medium. All the cultures were incubated in a
growth chamber (25 C, continuous light) for 72 hours, then 100 ml of
ethyl acetate was added. The artemisinin was extracted overnight in a
hood at room temperature. The ethyl acetate fraction was obtained after
filtration and partition, and then the volume was reduced in vacuum and
dried under nitrogen in an N-vap. Qualitative and quantitative analyses
were performed by TLC and HPLC and by the method described by Zhao and
Zeng (1986). All experiments were prepared in triplicates and repeated
once. Authentic artemisinin was used to prepare a standard curve.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The data revealed that among the monoterpenes used in this study only
borneol and pinene s110wed a stimulatory effect on artemisinin production
(Table 1).
4
Table 1. The effect of monoterpenes on production of
artemisinin (relative to control)
Control Borneol Camphor Linonene Menthol Pinene
1.000 1.098 1.029 0.947 0.821 1.210
+0.141 +0.025 +0.025 +0.065 +0.050 +0.051
Our results also revealed that when artemisic acid and arteannuin B
were incorporated into the medium separately, there was little
stimulatory effect on artemisinin production. However, when these two
precursors were incorporated together into the medium, the artemisinin
production increased signficiantly. The data are shown in Table 2.
Table 2. Effect of precursors on the production of
artemisinin in callus culture
Precursor (mg) Yield (mg/g) ReI. -%
l. Control 0.61 100.00
2. Artemisic acid (10) 0.60 98.36
3. (25) 0.87 142.62
4. Arteannuin B (10) 0.71 116.39
5. (25) 0.73 119.67
6. (2) + (4) 3.07 503.28
7. (3) + (5) 3.02 495.08
Artemisinin has an endoperoxide moiety, thus two enzymes namely,
glucose oxidase and tyrosinase, which are known to generate hydrogen
peroxide in the presence of their respective substrate glucose and
tyrosine, were selected to investigate whether their addition could
affect the production of artemisinin. Although the addition of artemisic
5
acid and arteannuin B significantly increased the production of
artemisinin, the addition of glucose oxidase decreased production of
artemisinin (Table 3). The green tissue culture turned to be somewhat
greenish yellow when it was terminated for extraction and analysis. This
may be due to the bleaching effect of free peroxide generated by glucose
oxidase. Addition of glucose and glucose oxidase showed similar effects
in leaf tissue homogenate. Tyrosinase treated leaf tissue homogenate
showed 4.99 times more artemisinin than i:he con(:col. In the tissue
culture system, the production of artemisinin was 1.58 and 3.15 (with and
without tyrosinase) times higher than the controls, respectively (Table
3).
Table 3. The influence of glucose oxidase and tyrosinase
on precursor transformation to artemisinin in green callus
culture and leaf tissue homogenate.
ti~sue
Precursor Enzyme Substr. Art~misinin* in system with
AA AB Glucose oxidase Tyrosinase
Green Callus Tissue Culture
+ 3.70+ 3.57 3.72+3.72
+ + + 20.llJ.+ 4.23 11.72+5.98
+ + + 1.- 12.05+17.0 5.89+4.50
Leaf Tissue Homogenate
+ 3.37+ 1.57 2.22+2.22
+ + + 20.88+ 3.28 5.42+5.33
+ + + + 18.40+11. 3 11.07+1. 73
*yield of artemisinin = mg/g of tissue
According to Klayman (1985) and Luo and Shen (19B?), artemislc acid
6