Table Of Content(cid:2)
Whatpeoplesayaboutthebook
Engineerswillfindthisbookinsightfulinaddressingtheenormouschallenges
of our future world dominated by data, complexity and increasing connect-
edness.Handlingthevelocityofchangerequiressuchabookforresearchers,
students, and practitioner’s alike. – Kerry Lunney, Engineering Director,
ThalesAustraliaandINCOSEPresident2020-2021
We are on the path of conceptualizing and building multifaceted systems in
different levels of implementation that entail complex logic with many levels
of reasoning in intricate arrangement, organized by web of connections and
demonstrating self-driven adaptability which are designed for autonomy and
exhibiting emergent behavior that can be visualized. System engineering
researchandpracticeneedtorejuvenateitselftocopewiththesechangeswith
anewperspective.Thisbookprovidesanswerstonewquestionsthatweface
anddirectionstofollowincreatingnewsystemsengineeringpracticesfordig-
italindustrialrevolutionwrittenbyinternationalauthorsofpracticingsystems
engineeringandacademicians.Itisagreatbooktoreadforunderstandingnew
systemsengineeringvision.–Prof.CihanDagli,DoDSystemsEngineering
Research Center-UARC, Founder and Director Systems Engineering
(cid:2) GraduateProgram,USA (cid:2)
This is a useful and timely book. The topics are well chosen and they helped
me to understand better the ongoing industry transformation and the role
of analytics in it. I highly recommend it. – Dr. Emmanuel Yashchin, IBM
ThomasJ.WatsonResearchCenter,USA
In this era of increasingly complex systems, processes, and data, a systems
engineering perspective can serve us well to overcome the challenges and
pursuethebestopportunitiesaffordedusinthisfourthindustrialrevolution.
This book compiles useful materials for dealing with complex systems with
multidisciplinary and data-based approaches. The need for a systems engi-
neering perspective is underscored by the fact that Industry 4.0 is disruptive
to every industry that uses data. Still, some things remain the same – the
importance of data in context, the usefulness of applied examples, the need
to better anticipate the future to take best actions versus merely reacting to
events as they occur, and the ability to build on our knowledge to further
understandourworld.–JohnSall,Co-Founder&ExecutiveVicePresident,
SASInstituteandJMPBusinessDivision,USA
The book clarifies many questions and concerns that I personally had when
workingwithdozensofmanufacturingindustrycollaborators,suchastherole
ofhumanandhumanfactorinfuturemachine-learning-dominatedindustrial
(cid:2)
(cid:2)
environments. This volume will be very valuable for readers, especially
engineers and students seeking to experience the real world, unstructured
problems.Itwillequipthemwitheffectivetoolsforsolution.–Prof.RanJin,
GradoDepartmentofIndustrialandSystemsEngineering,VirginiaTech,
USA
This book will certainly enrich our systems engineering (SE) literature col-
lection, especially since it is focused upon “Industrie 4.0” the framework for
“modern” SE. Modern SE will have to function in many ways different from
“classical”SEandneedstoquestionsomeofthe“established”practicesandin
particularsomeoftheassociatedprocesses.ItisinthisspiritthatIwelcome
thisnewbook,sinceitentersintosomeofthe“Industrie4.0”challengesand
provides some SE answers which point in the right direction. – Prof. Heinz
Stoewer,SpaceSystemsEngineering,TUDelft,TheNetherlands.
Thisbookaddressesanewchallengeofourtime,thedevelopmentofIndustry
4.0, which brings with it the combining of big data, complex objectives
for efficiency and effectiveness of industrial systems, all in a context of
continuous and rapid change. The chapters of the book lead the reader
through understanding the nature of the special challenges of Industry 4.0
(cid:2) and providing guidance on how to do the work required to achieve, and (cid:2)
provide assurance of achieving, the most desirable outcomes. The authors
build on the existing tradition of systems engineering and lead the reader to
understandhowtheexistingmethodsofsystemsengineeringcanbeadapted
to enable achievement of the goals of Industry 4.0. – DrTimFerris,Centre
for Systems Engineering, Cranfield Defence and Security, Cranfield
University,UK
SystemsEngineeringintheFourthIndustrialRevolutionprovidesanimportant
andtimelyperspectiveonhowsystemsengineeringmustadapttoaddressthe
needsofevolvingsystems andtechnologies. Thisbook explainshowtechno-
logicaldriverssuchastheInternetofthings(IoT)andbigdatafundamentally
changethenatureofsystems,andhowwemustrethinkhowtoengineerthese
systemstoaddressconcernssuchasresilience,safety,andsecurity.–Sanford
Friedenthal,SAFConsulting,formerseniorsystemsengineeratLockheed
MartinandHughesAircrafts,USA
Readingthisuniquebook,theoryandpracticalexampleswillenablethosein
the advanced fields to understand and recognize the new tools required in
themodernengineeringworld.Insightsrelatedtodevelopment,maintenance,
manufacturing,reliability,andsafetyareneededforthosewhosharethenew
world.–Prof.(Ret.B.Gen)JacobBortman,MEDepartment,BenGurion
UniversityofTheNegev,Israel
(cid:2)
(cid:2)
The book offers a diverse set of chapters covering topics related to various
aspects of “systems engineering meets big data.” This provides a wealth of
information that will be useful not only to those in systems engineering but
also to researchers and practitioners in other big data fields. – Prof. Galit
Shmueli,InstituteofServiceScience,CollegeofTechnologyManagement,
NationalTsingHuaUniversity,Taiwan
We live in an increasingly interdependent world of ecosystems. Yet policy
makerslackeffectivetoolsfortwenty-firstcenturysystemsthinking.Thisbook,
in 22 fascinating chapters, shows how data and technologies are impacting
thosewhotrulyunderstandandapplysystemsthinking–systemsengineers.
–Prof.ShlomoMaital,TheSamuelNeamanInstitute,Technion,Israel
Thebookoffersanimpressivevarietyoftwenty-firstcenturytopicsforinter-
connectedsoftwaredominantsystems,writtenbygloballeadersinthesefields.
I especially like that systemic concepts are first explained and then shown
graphically along with tools that support their exploration, such as system
thinkingandtheConceptagon.–SarahSheard,TheSoftwareEngineering
Institute(SEI),CarnegieMellonUniversity,USA
(cid:2) (cid:2)
The book presents a multiperspective insight unveiling the fundamental
changeinthecontemporarynatureoftheterm“system.”Sucharevolutionary
approachisneededtocopewithboththecomplexstructureofcomponents,
subsystems,systems,andsystemsofsystems;and,aboveall,thevastamount
ofdata.–Prof.ArieMaharshak,President,ORTBraudeAcademicCollege
ofEngineering,Karmiel,Israel
ExcitingbookaboutFourthIndustrialRevolutioneraandchangesaroundus.
Kenettetal.areconnectingseveralaspectsofIndustry4.0,challenges,opportu-
nities,benefits,andefforts.Thebookispointingouttothecomplexityandthe
needofcollaborativeeffortsofallstakeholdersofglobalpolicytoimplement
newandinnovativetechnologies.Thisisaninspiringstate-of-the-artbookfor
academiaandindustryaboutsystems,data,engineering,manufacturing,tech-
nologies,andhumanaspects.–Dr.JulitaPanek,SiemensDigitalIndustrie
PharmaCentralandEasternEurope
Thebookrepresentsapioneeringmovementwhichaddressesaudienceswho
arefamiliarwiththesystemsengineeringareaandareinterestedtodoa“leap
jump”,andtobeexposedtofascinatingperspectivewhichisdealingwiththe
systems challenges of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. – Giora Shalgi, The
SamuelNeamanInstitute,TechnionandFormerCEOofRafael,Israel
(cid:2)
(cid:2)
Thebookexploresandclarifiesmanyimportanttopicsforthefourthindustrial
revolution,includingwhythisisdrivingchangeinthefocusareasforSystems
Engineering. In particular, the book highlights the importance of Applied
SystemsThinkingasawayofbringingtogetherdifferentmethodstoimprove
the probability of a successful outcome. – Dr. Andrew Pickard, Systems
Engineering,Rolls-Royce,USA
This must read edited book highlights the essential elements of Industry 4.0
through a renewed look at the Systems Engineering discipline by leveraging
theknowledgeofadiversifiedgroupofleadingscientists.Thevariouscontri-
butionsarewellorganized,insightful,presentthecurrentstateoftheartand
transcendinternationalboundariescompletely.–Prof.EmeritusEhudMeni-
paz,DepartmentofIndustrialEngineeringandManagement,BenGurion
University,Israel
With the Fourth Industrial Revolution, “a storm is coming.” It implies an
enormous challenge for all engineering disciplines, especially for Software
EngineeringandSystemsEngineering.Tobeabletodealwiththesechallenges,
thisbookprovidesthereaderwithaseriesofover20perspectivestoconsider.
These perspectives range from Systems Thinking to Organizational Aspects,
(cid:2) eachwrittenbyaspecialistorspecialistsinthatfield.Readingthisbooksurely (cid:2)
givesyouinsightsfortransformingyourSystemsEngineeringefforts,soyou’ll
get ready to deal with the fourth industrial revolution challenges. – Paul
Schreinemakers,INCOSETechnicalDirector,USA
Thebook“SystemsEngineeringintheFourthIndustrialRevolution”isafresh
collectionofchaptersprovidingawindowtoaneweraofsystemsengineering.
Incontrasttothepast70years,wherethepaceoftechnologydisruptionwas
manageable by the adjustment of systems engineering tools, the pace in the
last 10 years has called for revolutionary changes. The chapters in the book
introduceavarietyofissues,includingmethods,tools,andperspectives,that
underlie this revolution. The book is an important introduction to this new
eraforeverysystemengineerorthoseinterestedinthesubject.–Prof.Yoram
Reich, Faculty of Engineering, Head, Systems Engineering Research
Initiative,TelAvivUniversity,Israel.
(cid:2)
(cid:2)
SystemsEngineeringintheFourthIndustrialRevolution:BigData,
NovelTechnologies,andModernSystemsEngineering
(cid:2) (cid:2)
(cid:2)
(cid:2)
Systems Engineering in the Fourth Industrial
Revolution: Big Data, Novel Technologies,
and Modern Systems Engineering
FirstEdition
Editedby
RonS.Kenett
TheKPAGroup,
Ra’anana,Israel
and
(cid:2) TheSamuelNeamanInstituteforNationalPolicyResearch, (cid:2)
Technion,Israel
RobertS.Swarz
WorcesterPolytechnicInstitute,
Worcester,MA,USA
AvigdorZonnenshain
TheGordonCenterforSystemsEngineeringandSamuelNeamanInstitutefor
NationalPolicyResearch,
Technion,Israel
(cid:2)
(cid:2)
Thiseditionfirstpublished2020
©2020JohnWiley&SonsInc
Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,or
transmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingor
otherwise,exceptaspermittedbylaw.Adviceonhowtoobtainpermissiontoreusematerialfrom
thistitleisavailableathttp://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.
TherightofRonS.Kenett,RobertS.Swarz,andAvigdorZonnenshaintobeidentifiedasthe
editorsofthisworkhasbeenassertedinaccordancewithlaw.
RegisteredOffice
JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,111RiverStreet,Hoboken,NJ07030,USA
EditorialOffice
111RiverStreet,Hoboken,NJ07030,USA
Fordetailsofourglobaleditorialoffices,customerservices,andmoreinformationaboutWiley
productsvisitusatwww.wiley.com.
Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicformatsandbyprint-on-demand.Some
(cid:2) contentthatappearsinstandardprintversionsofthisbookmaynotbeavailableinotherformats. (cid:2)
LimitofLiability/DisclaimerofWarranty
Whilethepublisherandauthorshaveusedtheirbesteffortsinpreparingthiswork,theymakeno
representationsorwarrantieswithrespecttotheaccuracyorcompletenessofthecontentsofthis
workandspecificallydisclaimallwarranties,includingwithoutlimitationanyimpliedwarranties
ofmerchantabilityorfitnessforaparticularpurpose.Nowarrantymaybecreatedorextendedby
salesrepresentatives,writtensalesmaterialsorpromotionalstatementsforthiswork.Thefact
thatanorganization,website,orproductisreferredtointhisworkasacitationand/orpotential
sourceoffurtherinformationdoesnotmeanthatthepublisherandauthorsendorsethe
informationorservicestheorganization,website,orproductmayprovideorrecommendationsit
maymake.Thisworkissoldwiththeunderstandingthatthepublisherisnotengagedin
renderingprofessionalservices.Theadviceandstrategiescontainedhereinmaynotbesuitable
foryoursituation.Youshouldconsultwithaspecialistwhereappropriate.Further,readersshould
beawarethatwebsiteslistedinthisworkmayhavechangedordisappearedbetweenwhenthis
workwaswrittenandwhenitisread.Neitherthepublishernorauthorsshallbeliableforanyloss
ofprofitoranyothercommercialdamages,includingbutnotlimitedtospecial,incidental,
consequential,orotherdamages.
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataisappliedfor
9781119513896
CoverDesign:Wiley
CoverImage:©WillyamBradberry/Shutterstock
Setin10/12ptWarnockProbySPiGlobal,Chennai,India
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
(cid:2)
(cid:2)
ix
Contents
Preface xvii
ListofContributors xxv
1 SystemsEngineering,DataAnalytics,andSystems
Thinking 1
RonS.Kenett,RobertS.Swarz,andAvigdorZonnenshain
1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 TheFourthIndustrialRevolution 4
(cid:2) 1.3 IntegratingReliabilityEngineeringwithSystemsEngineering 6 (cid:2)
1.4 SoftwareCybernetics 7
1.5 UsingModelingandSimulations 8
1.6 RiskManagement 11
1.7 AnIntegratedApproachtoSafetyandSecurityBasedonSystems
Theory 13
1.8 AppliedSystemsThinking 15
1.9 Summary 17
References 18
2 AppliedSystemsThinking 21
RobertEdson
2.1 SystemsThinking:AnOverview 22
2.2 TheSysteminSystemsThinking 24
2.3 AppliedSystemsThinking 25
2.4 AppliedSystemsThinkingApproach 26
2.5 ProblemDefinition:EntryPointtoAppliedSystemsThinking 27
2.6 TheSystemAttributeFramework:TheConceptagon 29
2.7 SoftSystemsMethodology 36
2.8 Systemigram 37
2.9 CausalLoopDiagrams 39
2.10 InterventionPoints 40
2.11 Approach,Tools,andMethods–FinalThoughts 41
(cid:2)
(cid:2)
x Contents
2.12 Summary 41
References 42
3 TheImportanceofContextinAdvancedSystems
Engineering 45
AdamD.Williams
3.1 IntroductiontoContextforAdvancedSystemsEngineering 45
3.2 TraditionalView(s)ofContextinSystemsEngineering 47
3.3 ChallengestoTraditionalView(s)ofContextintheFourthIndustrial
Revolution 48
3.4 NontraditionalApproachestoContextinAdvancedSystems
Engineering 51
3.5 ContextofUseinAdvancedSystemsEngineering 60
3.6 AnExampleoftheContextofUse:HighConsequenceFacility
Security 63
3.7 Summary 70
References 72
4 ArchitecturalTechnicalDebtinEmbeddedSystems 77
AntonioMartiniandJanBosch
(cid:2) 4.1 TechnicalDebtandArchitecturalTechnicalDebt 78 (cid:2)
4.2 Methodology 80
4.3 CaseStudyCompanies 81
4.4 Findings:CausesofATD 82
4.5 ProblemDefinition:EntryPointtoAppliedSystemsThinking 85
4.6 Findings:Long-TermImplicationsofATDAccumulation 91
4.7 SolutionsforATDManagement 91
4.8 Solution:ASystematicTechnicalDebtMap 92
4.9 Solution:UsingAutomatedArchitecturalSmellsToolsforthe
ArchitecturalTechnicalDebtMap 96
4.10 Solution:CanWeCalculateifitisConvenienttoRefactor
ArchitecturalTechnicalDebt? 97
4.11 Summary 100
References 101
5 RelayRace:TheSharedChallengeofSystemsandSoftware
Engineering 105
AmirTomer
5.1 Introduction 105
5.2 Software-IntensiveSystems 107
5.3 EngineeringofSoftware-IntensiveSystems 109
5.4 RoleAllocationandtheRelayRacePrinciples 110
5.5 TheLifeCycleofSoftware-IntensiveSystems 110
(cid:2)
(cid:2)
Contents xi
5.6 Software-IntensiveSystemDecomposition 114
5.7 FunctionalAnalysis:BuildingaSharedSoftware-Intensive
Architecture 120
5.8 Summary 127
References 131
5.A Appendix 132
6 Data-CentricProcessSystemsEngineeringfortheChemical
Industry4.0 137
MarcoS.ReisandPedroM.Saraiva
6.1 ThePast50YearsofProcessSystemsEngineering 138
6.2 Data-CentricProcessSystemsEngineering 141
6.3 ChallengesinData-CentricProcessSystemsEngineering 149
6.4 Summary 152
References 154
7 VirtualizationoftheHumanintheDigitalFactory 161
DanieleRegazzoniandCaterinaRizzi
7.1 Introduction 162
7.2 TheProblem 163
(cid:2) (cid:2)
7.3 EnablingTechnologies 165
7.4 DigitalHumanModels 168
7.5 ExemplaryApplications 173
7.6 Summary 183
References 185
8 TheDarkSideofUsingAugmentedReality(AR)Training
SystemsinIndustry 191
NiritGavish
8.1 TheVarietyofOptionsofARSystemsinIndustry 191
8.2 LookOut!TheThreatsinUsingARSystemsforTraining
Purposes 192
8.3 Threat#1:PhysicalFidelityvs.CognitiveFidelity 193
8.4 Threat#2:TheEffectofFeedback 194
8.5 Threat#3:EnhancedInformationChannels 195
8.6 Summary 196
References 197
9 Condition-BasedMaintenanceviaaTargetedBayesian
NetworkMeta-Model 203
AvivGruber,ShaiYanovski,andIradBen-Gal
9.1 Introduction 203
(cid:2)
