Systems and Technologies for the Treatment of Non-Stockpile Chemical Warfare Materiel

9 Pages·2002·0.295 MB·English

by  Council, N.R.;Sciences, D.E.P.;Technology, B.A.S.;Program, C.R.E.A.N.S.C.M.D.

ee
us 1
s are trd. Plea
eakerte THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
ge bry ins NAdatviiosnearsl Atoc tahdee mNya toiof nS coine nScceisence, Engineering, and Medicine
s. Paallent National Academy of Engineering
ed Institute of Medicine
ting filesetbeen acci BoardN oant iAornmaly RSeciseenacrec han Cd oTuenchcnilology
al typhave Committee on Review and Evaluation of the Army Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program
ginay
orim December 21, 2001
he ors
m terr Mr. James Bacon
k, not froographic PPrMogCrDam S FMAaEn-aCgeDr -fCoOr C-Oh eBmuiicldali nDge Em4i5li8ta5r iAzabteiordneen Proving Ground, MD 21010–4005
op
oy Re: Review of Proposed Process Changes for Expedited Disposal of the Aberdeen Stockpile of Bulk
er bme t Mustard Agent
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original ed, and Dear MOnr. BNacoovne:mber 14, 2001, the Army Project Manager for Alternative Technologies and Approaches
m the retain (PMATA) asked the National Research Council’s (NRC’s) Committee on Review and Evaluation of the Army
oe Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program (Stockpile Committee) to assess proposed modifications of the
ed frat bnnot nGeruoturanldiz, aMtiaorny-lbaansde,d f oarl tderisnpaotisvael otef cthhneo sltoogcyk ppillaen onfe bdu flokr m aunsdt acrdu raregnetnlty loucnadteerd cthoenrsetr. uTchtieo np roatp oAsbeder mdeoedni fPicraotvioinngs
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L files crwever, c atthoree t hmineo taeslntt desreingdan ttiiofvi ceea xdnpitse rpdioistksea flda itcsetpcoohrsn taooll obogof ytth hp esl aitsnetno wecdko prfkioleerr ,sA gabinvederd nne etehanar btP yrco ocvnoitmningmu Giunnrgoi tusinetosd.r aiTsg heteo o osfb hajoegrcetetninvt ehto ao stf h bpeer ofeapnlo li sdoeefd n2 tc0ihf0iae2nd gt heaess
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m Xg, h end date for destruction of its stockpile of bulk mustard agent (HD). This new end date represents approximately
ed fromattin are 2p-o rtto w3a-ys eraerq ureedsutecdti obny itnh et heen dp roefv itohue sfliyr set swtimeeakt eidn sDcehceedmulbee fro 2r 0d0e1s.t rTuhceti oNnR oCf tehseta ebnlitsirhee dA ab esrmdeaelln asdt ohcokcp iplea.n eAl
en recomposg-specific forn. dTAregacewhnnnTt ohflDreoo igSmsipte ootsch,s keaip nlc i ulteFhr reaCeicnroi tlmr ieStmisteposiect tcket(peiNvi laReen CrCde, op tmho2erm0t s0Ni,t0 RtI)en Cete.a Pgnradan teeRld eo vDnie eRwsie gvnaie nowdf AaEnltvdea rElnuvaaattilivuoean tT ioeoncfh onAfo lAltoelgrtneierasnt iafvoteirv eBC uChlhekme-Omicniaclyla lC DDhiiessmppooicssaaalll
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the original work has bation of and other typesettiding styles, for attributiauthoritative version TiTeprmevrehpoacpilclshalue encFasfmioarstneol megodcmn gih.atl iiiauenaantsrg og iP tm(eayNMsn a R wtAfeaoCidlTrtt, heA te or1xn tn9hpba 9ecteri6 iodveA)nief,t ti beanrtdeeiegnr pc ddehooerinrsn ethpo enaoldN ons pgodairnylvlo i encostmegofo s mbamsienn eurfcd osi d2nartaemg6ertre,ade anid 2tltia 0odgot0nhren1a en a,i tt nth b tiaehaAnt seg bdi Aseea brsdodie gnerhn deow,ne ce dh tneoip cv aihdnen ilvesotohlpp leomvl seepeea r nraoontd,pfe o odatps hntetedihdn a gmptm r uaotosthg tderaliee rfasdAicss rata mbtgtiyhoey enn’P sts f M sopctlAoorlooucTpwkldAopi sni bleigende:.
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ee
us 2
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eakerte with a modified, manually operated chemical agent transfer system (CHATS); returning ton containers to storage
ge bry ins acfotnetra iinneitri)a l fodrr aisnuibnsge qouf eangt entrte a(wtmheicnht awnidll/ onro td insepcoessasla; rimlyo rdeimfyoinvge aalnld r eascidcuelaelr aatginengt tahned /oovr esreadlli mneenutt rfarloizma titohne
s. Paallent process by increasing the concentration of agent in the reactor; shipping the hydrolysate product of agent
ed neutralization off-site for disposal at a treatment, storage, and disposal facility; and carrying out the ton container
ting filesetbeen acci phraordceeTsnsheiedn gsa,t drua gchteouncrte dpcrauanrireneli’nnstg ly,w auonnrdkd earwg caeosnn ts ctnoreunucstttrriaoalininz. eaTdthi oebnsy e i nmth oaedn i (fpeicxroaistbitaoinbnglsy a inrnede udcseitssrcsiuaalsr islbeyud i lliidnmi mnigtoe drrea) tdhaeemtra oitluh bnaetn l ooiwnf .tdhaet am aonrde
al typhave information provided by the Army as it prepares to rapidly implement changes to expedite the alternative
ginay disposal technology program at Aberdeen. Although other possibilities and opportunities for modification of the
orim program likely exist, they were not presented to or discussed with the panel, and the panel was not asked to
he ors suggest other options. Hence, this report considers only the data and information presented by the Army in the
m terr briefing to the ad hoc panel on November 26, 2001, by Kevin Flamm, which described proposed changes to
ok, not fropographic p2exl0ap0ne1nr)te.i dsT eph reao ncjudeds sge moxppeenerrtasiet imnocnaeds. ef oTbrhy te ht hes ede ceptsaitnoruenlc tmbioeenlmo owbfe trhdse ea s1rce,r8 ib1ba5ess te odsn o ocmno ent htaiosifn ientrfhso eor mf smapteiuocsintfa,i rcadss awogfee nlltt h aaest Aopnbr oetphrdoeeisree ndin (dFpilvraoimdcuemsasl,
oy
er bme t modifications that the panel was asked to review and evaluate.
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original ed, and The modified process now uDndEeSr CcoRnIsPidTeIrOatiNo nO cFo nMsiOstsD oIfF tIhEeD fo PllRowOiCngE:SS
he ain
om te ret 1. Nondestructive draining of the ton containers. Accelerated disposal will be accomplished by
ed frat bnnot u(CsiHngA TaS p),r oac seyssst eimn wusheidc hp rteovni ocuosnlyta aint eArsb earrdee ednr adiunreidn gi nre sae agrlcohv es tubdoixe st,y bpuet noof t cfhoerm hiigcahl- thagroeungt htpraunt spfreor cseysssitnemg.
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es crer, c Trohoem s yastmteoms pchoenrsei sbtsy btwasoi ceaxllpya nodf aab lheo sreizaol nrtianlg ss.u pOpnoer tp olung w(ihniscihd et hteh et osne acleodn taarienae)r iiss tphleanc erde manodv esde aalnedd af rsoumct itohne
L filwev hose is fitted onto the open hole to remove the agent. A second plug is removed and a vent hose is attached.
Mo
Xh Again, this design is not new; it has been used by the Army for several years. The difference for the expedited
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ed fromattin dcoismpopsreasl sperdo ctiemsse wscilhl ebdeu lteh. aBt eac areulsaet ivoef lyth ilsa rcghea nnugme, btehre oAf rcmoyn tawinilel rhs awveil lt oh apvaey tcoa rbeef uplr oactteesnsteido no nto at hree lahtuivmealyn
en recomposg-specific forn. ffnoaeclclteooswrDssae rardaisi lnpybee yrdc et t mahogefoe ivtrnh etet ria isClp lsHl aeuA gbresTinneStqs iuadnneegnds t ialsgynen dd.d iTemrsehteteruno rptyn rte hodtaco teb smtysh aeomy nsu -btssoeitrt beale genf etae biuanltre reaa at loc.i zo Taancthticaioosinn m re(imrhn.y soIidfdn ragtoht leesy rtfseerip osi) zs.u e aDsnne rypsa liiuwnngidansti.gec rao toifo ntnhly et h acanot dna tgaweinniletl rssnt ioilstl
the original work has beation of and other typesettinding styles, for attributioauthoritative version eanxdis tdsi sinp otshael .ton containers after rinsing, caustic will be added before they are placed in storage for final cleaning
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us 3
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eakerte 2. Destruction of the chemical agent drained from the ton containers, as well as any agent present
ge bry ins iens stehnet iaclolny tathinee sr armines ea sw tahtee rd, ebsyig no nu-nsidtee r nceountrsatrliuzcattiioonn— ini. ee.x, itshtein rge atacntiko nr eias ctthoers s. aTmheis a pnodr ttihoen aogfe ntht es tporroagcees sa nids
s. Paallent neutralization tanks are the same as those planned for the original process.
ed 3. Disposal of the hydrolysate through off-site posttreatment at a commercial facility. The Army, as
ting filesetbeen acci aoh yfp daTrroSt lDoyfsF atsth,e e oi son reki gnaion wnalno ndtoien stcihginen e,d rwiastpaioso nsca oltn rfesaaicdtimeliretiinnegts , fowafcfh-iilsciithtye htaarnevdae t mtoenenenta t.ta inPv ereilnylic miinnideniracaratyito etdna ltkfhase cyhil acivtayen. baTechecene phcteo ilmtd. pwoistihti otwn oo tfy pthees
al typhave 4. After triple rinsing, disposal of the ton containers through a ton container cleanout (TCC)
ginay process and shipment of the container halves to Rock Island, Illinois. The TCC process is essentially the same as
orim that previously intended for Aberdeen.
he ors
m terr This modified process differs from the facility design currently under construction at Aberdeen in several
ok, not fropographic ways (NRC,1 2.00 T0h),e iangcelundt iwngil lt hbee froelmloowviendg :from the ton containers in CHATS glove boxes that are located in the
oy
er bme t existing (new) warehouse building at Aberdeen. This building will have an air flow system with pressure levels
apo different from those contemplated in the original design. The building is not as robust (hardened) as the building
ps
original ed, and iionnr ittghhieen aoClr HigdAiensTaigSl n da,e rseti hgseen p, aaairnra dtef trdho emf rao imtrhf letoh web uirseil sdntio notg fa tshi sfe i rrdmoioslycmh s aesrpggareecdge a otthef rdto hbueeg tbhwu eialedcntii nvlgeav tbeeydls t.w cFaoor brb oelanxd.a dmAeprl-lsteoy,, p teha elsl et oasnlps .ic lAol nsct aoininn tterhoresl
he ain requirements for the building are to be met. Mustard is the only agent that will be processed, and because it has a
om te ret relatively low vapor pressure, the change in building design described above is not critical.
ed frat bnnot information 2is. a vAainlayb len eocne shsoawry t htihsa wwiilnl gb ew acilcl ombep lidsohneed .prior to delivery to the facility. However, limited
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es crer, c originally pr3o.po sTehde, btount acroen dtarianineresd atore odneel iovre rmedo rteo ntehuet radliiszpaotisoanl ftaanciklsit yu siinn ge sas evnatciualulmy tshyes tseamm era tmhearn nthear na as
L filwev punch-and-drain method.
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Xh 4. The triple-rinse step is done through the same opening used in the draining step. This step may
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ed fromattin nreoqtu riermedo. vCe oamll palgeeten td oerc osendtaimmeinnat tfiroonm o tfh ceo cnotnaitnaienres rsis, itno wbhei cdho ncea sien c tahues ttioc nw cilol nbtea iandedr ecdl etaon tohuet c(oTnCtaCin) eprsr owcehsesn,
en recomposg-specific forn. wachqiucihs iitsi onno tp56 aa.. cnk eTaTwghhe ese. t heycpod.nrotrloylssa tep rwovilild beed saernet osfifm-siiltaer toto a tchoomsem eursceida l ipno sat trbeaattcmhe npti lfoatc ipliltayn rt atahnedr tihnacnlu tdreea tae dd oanta-
the original work has beation of and other typesettinding styles, for attributioauthoritative version site by a biological process.
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us 4
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eakerte Reduction of the time needed to destroy the mustard agent stored at Aberdeen will also require several
ge bry ins amcotinviittoierisn fgo rr eeqxupieredmitienngt st hteh aetn cvuirrorennmtleyn taapl ppleyr mbuittt itnog d prraosctiecsasl.l yT hshe oArtremny t’hse i ntitmenet inse teod emde teot aolbl toafi nt hteh ec onnetcroesl saanrdy
s. Paallent permits. As presented by the Army, this approach will require a National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)
ed exemption; a Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) emergency permit, along with an expedited
ting filesetbeen acci maRuCothdRoiAfriic tdiaeetsiloi. snTt inh(geF loAafmr mmmuy,s tp2arr0od0p 1aog)s.ee nsT t thHoe Dsien hityiisadstrueo eltsyh seahstaeev ;a1e n adnn doa tla ln yo eeutx tprbeeaedceihnte dad cCitsilcveuiatsnise eAsd ia rf wtAeirct htr (eCctheAeivA ia)n pgap drfmooprimnriiasattlre a atprivepgero upvleaartlmo rtioyt
al typhave proceed with this approach.
ginay
orim
he ors STUDY OF MODIFIED PROCESS
m terr The Army is currently pilot testing various key components of the modified process. Studies are under way
ok, not fropographic tcooof ntdthaeeitn emermru tisrntieap rldea- graeignnesten-l too aipnde irntahgtei o pnna.e ruTatmhraeelstieez rapst,ii olontot ssttcueopdn ifehisra msa r ned oertax ipbnee cestntea dtfi iotnona lbipzeee crdfo.o mrTmphlaeen toecderi, g biaynn aJdla ndtuoea sridgyen m2 0co0anl2sl.st r Taftohere t3lho.5ea d–ti8on.6ng
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er bme t percent agent loading, but if the hydrolysate is to be incinerated off-site, a higher organic concentration will be
apo preferable. There appears to be an upper limit of about 17 percent agent loading (based on laboratory data), at
ps
original ed, and wcfoohrm iccphlle eatpneodini ngbt y d pDrhueamcsees mtshbeaeptra rc2ao0tni0ot1an.i nTo hchcea uzcraosr.nd coTeuhpset wohfay sudtesrison.l gyT saha ette r iaplbolieal-idtryiinn sgtoe pocalpereta rnao tfito hneth ietso nod necrgoiovnietnadgi n freporismlo u tR sipCnrgRo gAtrh aerme gp urwolapiltoli osebndes
he ain triple rinse has not been confirmed. There is a real possibility of solids and/or gelled agent remaining in the
om te ret containers after draining. There is also the possibility that any sludge, whether remaining in the containers or
ed frat bnnot remoTvehde duusrei nogf t1h8e rMinIsNe IsCteApM, mSa, yin ccolnutdaiinng m foeutarl ss.p Tahrees pailnodt ptwroog rmamob iisle a iumnietds, aits apdrdorpeosssiendg ftohre sme ocnointocreirnngs .agent
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es crer, c cdoranicne nsttaratitoionns s( 3in), tahierl oacirk. sT (h3e), 1f2il teMr I(N2)I,C aAnMd Sto nw cilol nbtaei nloecr astteadg iinng tharee aw (a1re).h Touhsee A(2rm), yn eshuotrualldiz caotinosni dceurb aic mlee (a1n)s,
L filwev of providing more complete coverage. As was the case with the original design, no perimeter monitoring is
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Xh contemplated. The control limits for agent concentrations are the same as those currently in place (see Federal
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ed fromattin RegisTteor ,d Vatoel,u nmoe h5a3z,a Nrdusm abnearl y5s0e,s M, ianr cpha r1t5ic, u1l9ar8 8n,o pnaeg ewsi t8h5 0a4 f–o8c5u0s8 o).n operations, have been completed for the
en recomposg-specific forn. mtphroea cdhtiiafcizeead.r dcso nafniagluyrsaetsio cna np rboep odsoende. Tcoon accucrerelenrtalyte wthieth d tehsei gfnin satle pdse,s itghne Arartmheyr itsh apnro ipno sstienpgs t,o a su sies ath per omcoerses cwohmermeboyn
eno
the original work has bation of and other typesettiding styles, for attributiauthoritative version
epresentaks, hean as the
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About this to the origiuse the pri
ee
us 5
s are trd. Plea
eakerte REGULATORY ISSUES
ge bry ins As indicated above, meeting the accelerated schedule requires several actions to expedite the permitting
Paall process. The major change will be minimal or no opportunity for public input (hearings) concerning the new
s. ent proposed process for expedited agent disposal and various components of the process, including monitoring. The
ed
ting filesetbeen acci tArherleem afyesne i cnoetfe lnaindgese ntootf. mPthreeee ldti mitshipeno aisrnaytl e mfnatoc odilfei tltyihn esg i rtieen gdauislc acatutieorsrn estnh atalnty d tph treoo opmnoaesie npdte,a riacnne dann tt hleeaqtthu taihvlieat ylce ondnti scdteaenngtcrreeae2ti owonfi slcl oobnfe t arcogole nnottna ia npt erpedov wiennitttshi noingf
al typhave hwuemigahnt eedx apvoesruargee wexilpl obseu rbee lliomwi tl feovre lws oarckceerps,t agbelnee araclc poordpiunlga ttioo nt hliem 1it9,8 a8n dre sgou olant)io.ns noted above (i.e., the time-
ginay
orim
he ors GENERAL COMMENTS
m terr
k, not froographic mnoatx hiTmarhudeme na edpdep,g raorenaedc hot hfp ep rvoroepntoetscieltaidot inor entf olse ytchsttese moap hecaroasnt osfeirdwse eararn bdlel evto e dltseh poea fpr stuuebrpelai crfa.r toTiomhne btbheuetwi lcdeuienrnrg ec nwotn htpeahrmei lioangsaoetepndht yoa iproe far anptdiro ownvsoi drokicn acgru erta hises.
op
oy The Army is proposing that workers not use demilitarization protective ensemble (DPE) suits (Level A
er bme t protection), but use commercially available protective gear at Levels B, C, and D, depending on to the operation.
p
paso According to the Army, this source of an apparent increase in risk (which may be small, but was not quantified)
original ed, and wtimille .be offset by the more rapid destruction of the agent stockpile and, presumably, a reduction in total risk over
he ain The Army has proposed a very ambitious schedule for disposal of mustard agent at Aberdeen, with a
m tret significant number of critical milestones and decision-points. So that the schedule can be met and the plant
ed froeat be annot otphplaaentr taa t sestdian fsgfu,l ecd cteeessaisgmfnu lbleyen gwcirnieteahet eardss, ftoehwpaet racasat inpo onfsuss nipbcetlieros enov niennne tals, srheeeasaumllttlhien sagsn imdn asanasnf leeitrtyt. l eIen xa ssp iepmrotissl,as irab nsleidt u rpeaelteiroamnsiest toiinnf gai ngedexunpste,t rriytts , i stah lcelr ihptiaiclvoaetl
es crer, c clear means of communicating frequently in the planning and execution of the entire program. This typically is
L filwev done face to face to ensure the needed level of trust. Also, during actual operation of the facility, more stringent
Mo supervision, especially during start-up, may be required. Federal contracting regulations applicable to the
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m g, Aberdeen site are not conducive to this type of operating environment because the kinds of expertise mentioned
ed fromattin aboveN roe sdiedtea iilns ac ovnacreiertnyi nogf oorugtraenaiczhat iaocntisv witiieths ifno trh teh eg opvreorpnomseedn tm aonddi fwicitahti opnrisv awtee rceo pnrtoravcitdoerds .by the Army, which
en recomposg-specific forn. swahidic hon mlya yth parto avnid oeu ltersesa cphro ptercotgioranm to w thilel pbue bsltiacr, twedi llu rpeoqnu iarpep ar owvealll -ttoh ouusgeh tth-oe umt poudbifliiecd d aispcpursosaiochn.. This approach,
eno
the original work has bation of and other typesettiding styles, for attributiauthoritative version
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About this to the origiuse the pri
ee
us 6
s are trd. Plea
eakerte FINDINGS
ge bry ins Finding 1. The ad hoc panel supports the Army’s proposed concept for expediting the disposal of mustard
Paall agent at Aberdeen. The chemical reactions utilized in the modified alternative technology process have been
s. ent essentially proven from existing data and there appears to be little likelihood that the mustard agent will not be
ed
ting filesetbeen acci ntreipulterFa-rliiinzndesdein .o gTp 2her.e a Otdiueogtnsr icedaeen o orffe amegnoegvnient emloeoraidsntig no gcf othhnaetsr oatglose ,bn teth aecn addre/eogfrur elsleey do difm epteernormtt eficrnoteimodn tt hoaev a acvioloanibdtal eipn hteoar sspe ir ses vecepunarrtre arnteitloleyna .su eWn cohefer tatahgieenrn. tt hies
al typhave nthoits acsa sheig) his i nn otht eh aprrdoepnoesde da nmdo tdhiefi eadir -phraoncdeslisn gas s iyt sitse min itsh ele osrsi groinbauls dt.e Tsihgant, ibse, ctahues ep ltahnet bauiri lvdeinngti l(aat iwona riesh ao uosnec ien-
ginay through cascade system without the redundant blowers and filters normally found at chemical agent disposal
orim
he ors facilities. The air monitoring appears approximately equivalent to that in the original design for the Aberdeen
m terr facility, but the ad hoc panel believes that additional monitors will provide a higher level of safety since the
k, not froographic cboulilledcFintiigno ndis iu nlnegsd se3 rr. owTbauhyse t c aaonbndifl iihtryma ss tf ote hwsehe vor arltleeivdnei tlytsh ooef f sctchohene tudanuindleme reflonyirtn bgayg aewsnshtu imcdhips ttpoioo csnoasln; tnarooplnp ecetoahrnest laetmsos i,nb taeht eerd er aeasgioru.nlaatbolres mif utshte a gdraetea
op
oy to the expedited permitting. Not enough information was available to the ad hoc panel to allow assessing either
er bme t of these items. Meeting the accelerated schedule will require tight (seamless) control of all elements of the
p
paso project, from pilot studies through construction and operation.
original ed, and beingF cinodntienmg p4l.a Ttehde haanvaely nsoest breeqeuni rfeinda tloiz ceodn. fTirom d aisgpeonste d oesf trhuycdtrioonly isna tteh eo fhfy-sdirteo,l ytrseaatetm aet ntht,e shtoigrahgeer ,l oaanddi ndgissp nooswal
he ain facility personnel, as well as the appropriate regulators, will have to agree on the analytical protocols, including
m tret sampling frequency, sampling procedures, and detection limits for all media.
ed froeat be annot bperoecne Fdciunordmesipn lager te5e .d cH.r iatTizchaareldi rst o a cnpoarmelyvpseleenstt,ii onwngh iaacnnhdd w/ oirul ltm iildiizneanitmtiiofinzyi nthigne tahdreee vaosec locofup rgirnregen actfeei snota frl i saeknq ytuo ie pwvmeonertknset rwsd hoeersr iteghbneys pauagbneldnic t, o chpoaeuvrlead t ninboget
es crer, c released.
L filwev Finding 6. It appears that the chemical agent transfer system (CHATS) for agent removal will require
Mo greater worker involvement than will the automated handling system for agent removal from ton containers
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m g, developed for currently operating chemical agent disposal facilities. This change will require close analysis and
ed fromattin cwoonrtkroerl psroo ttehcatti owno prrkoecre dsaufreetsy, tahned A prrmocye sshs oiunltde gcrairteyf ualrley ncootn sciodmerp trhoem hiusemda. nI nfa cdteovresl ionpvionlgv ead sianf ethtye pprroocgeradmur easn.d
en recomposg-specific forn.
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the original work has bation of and other typesettiding styles, for attributiauthoritative version
epresentaks, hean as the
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About this to the origiuse the pri
ee
us 7
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eakerte RECOMMENDATIONS
ge bry ins Recommendation 1. The Army should complete as quickly as possible its experimental program to
Paall evaluate the proposed modifications for expedited disposal of the Aberdeen stockpile, giving particular attention
s. ent to the draining (via the chemical agent transfer system) and cleaning of the ton containers.
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ginay the completion of disposal operations.
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he ors Recommendation 4. Required hydrolysate analysis protocols should be finalized as soon as possible.
m terr Recommendation 5. The Army should conduct hazard analyses, such as focused quantitative risk
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