Table Of ContentTaku Osoegawa is Research Associate at the Japan Center
for Middle Eastern Studies (Beirut), which is part of Tokyo
University of Foreign Studies. He holds a PhD in International
Relations from the University of St Andrews.
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SYRIA AND
LEBANON
International Relations and Diplomacy
in the Middle East
Taku Osoegawa
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Published in 2013 by I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd
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Copyright © 2013 Taku Osoegawa
The right of Taku Osoegawa to be identifi ed as the author of this work has been asserted
by the author in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patent Act 1988.
All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations in a review, this book, or any part thereof,
may not be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in
any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise,
without the prior written permission of the publisher.
Library of Modern Middle East Studies 140
ISBN 978 1 78076 536 5
A full CIP record for this book is available from the British Library
A full CIP record for this book is available from the Library of Congress
Library of Congress catalog card: available
Typeset by Newgen Publishers, Chennai
Printed and bound by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YY
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CONTENTS
Acknowledgements vii
Abbreviations ix
1. Introduction: The Analytical Framework 1
A Brief Survey of Previous Works and the Focal
Point of this Study 1
A Brief Overview of Theories Relevant to this Study 6
Outline of this Book 20
2. Disruption of the Lebanese State and
Syrian Intervention (1970–1988) 23
Middle East International Relations and the Impact
on Syria and Lebanon 25
Lebanese Non-Governmental Actors and Syria:
Their Basic Interests and Relations 37
President Sulayman Franjiya and the Asad Regime 53
President Ilyas Sarkis and the Asad Regime 66
President Amin al-Jumayyil and the Asad Regime 77
3. Lebanon from ‘Anarchy’ to ‘Indirect Rule’
under Syria (1988–2005) 91
Termination of the Lebanese Civil War and
Consolidation of Syrian Hegemony in Lebanon 92
Middle East International Relations and the Impact
on Syria and Lebanon 96
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vi SYRIA AND LEBANON
Lebanese Non-Governmental Actors and Syria:
Their Basic Interests and Relations 105
Prime Minister Rafiq al-Hariri and the Asad Regime 114
4. Lebanon after the End of Syrian Hegemony
(since 2005) 149
Middle East International Relations and the Impact
on Syria and Lebanon 150
Lebanese Non-Governmental Actors and Syria:
Their Basic Interests and Relations 153
Prime Minister Fouad al-Siniora and the Asad Regime 159
Prime Minister Sa‘d al-Hariri and the Asad Regime 171
Prime Minister Najib Miqati and the Asad Regime 175
5. Conclusion 179
Theoretical Application 179
Extrapolating Lessons to More Wide-Ranging
Methodological Issues 189
Notes 193
Bibliography 219
Index 229
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This book arises from many arguments and debates that were
developed whilst I undertook doctoral research at the University
of St Andrews, Scotland. During my preparation of the original
thesis, Professor Raymond Hinnebusch extended me invaluable
academic support by sparing his precious time for discussing
international relations theory and contemporary politics in the
Levant region. Even after my graduation, he has consistently
encouraged me to update the original study for publication and
kindly given me shrewd comments on my draft. Thus, I would
like to express my sincere appreciation to him for his proper
guidance and warm support.
Although this study is owed to broad support that I have
received in Japan, Lebanon and the United Kingdom, I would
like to express my deep appreciation for the following academics
and researchers in particular. Following Mr Koichiro Tanaka’s
special permit to dispatch me to Beirut, Professor Hilal Khashan
offered me a research post at the American University of Beirut
from May to October 2009. Professor Hidemitsu Kuroki and
Professor Masato Iizuka have afforded me an opportunity to
live and research in Beirut since November 2010. Professor
Kazuo Takahashi, Professor Tomoko Yamagishi and Professor
Toru Tachibana granted me opportunities to teach at several
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viii SYRIA AND LEBANON
universities in Japan: these experiences have stimulated my
thought about this book. In addition, special thanks are due to
Dr Henrietta Wilkins and Mr Robert Flahive, with whom I have
enjoyed friendly discussions in Beirut.
Regarding the process of publication, Ms Maria Marsh, editor of
I.B.Tauris Publishers, has warmly supported my writing and
quickly answered editorial questions. As my wife, Yoko, has pa-
tiently supported me during the process, I dedicate this book to
her. My parents, grandmother and aunts and my wife’s parents
have always encouraged this project.
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ABBREVIATIONS
ADF Arab Deterrent Force
ASR Arab Security Force
CDR Council for Development and Reconstruction
CIA Central Intelligence Agency
DFLP Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine
FNC Free National Current
Future TV Future Television
GCC Gulf Cooperation Council
GLC General Labour Confederation
IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency
IIIC International Independent Investigation Commission
LBCI Lebanese Broadcasting Corporation International
LF Lebanese Forces
LMN Lebanese National Movement
MNF Multi-National Force
MTV Murr Television
NBN National Broadcasting Network
NDC National Dialogue Committee
NLP National Liberal Party
NSF National Salvation Front
PFLP Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine
PFLP–GC Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine–
General Command
PLA Palestine Liberation Army
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PLO Palestine Liberation Organization
PNSF Palestine National Salvation Front
PSP Progressive Socialist Party
SALSRA Syria Accountability and Lebanese Sovereign
Restoration Act
SLA South Lebanese Army
SNC Syrian National Council
STL Special Tribunal for Lebanon
UNIFIL United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon
WMD weapons of mass destruction
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