Synthetic Polymeric Membranes: Characterization by Atomic Force Microscopy

208 Pages·2008·5.344 MB·English

by  K. C. Khulbe, C. Y. Feng, Takeshi Matsuura (auth.)

Springer Laboratory
SpringerLaboratoryManualsinPolymerScience
Pasch,Trathnigg:HPLCofPolymers
ISBN:3-540-61689-6(hardcover)
ISBN:3-540-65551-4(softcover)
Mori,Barth:SizeExclusionChromatography
ISBN:3-540-65635-9
Pasch,Schrepp:MALDI-TOFMassSpectrometryofSyntheticPolymers
ISBN:3-540-44259-6
Kulicke,Clasen:ViscosimetryofPolymersandPolyelectrolytes
ISBN:3-540-40760-X
Hatada,Kitayama:NMRSpectroscopyofPolymers
ISBN:3-540-40220-9
Brummer,R.:RheologyEssentialsofCosmeticsandFoodEmulsions
ISBN:3-540-25553-2
Mächtle,W.,Börger,L.:AnalyticalUltracentrifugationofPolymers
andNanoparticles
ISBN:3-540-23432-2
Heinze,T.,Liebert,T.,Koschella,A.:EsterificationofPolysaccharides
ISBN:3-540-32103-9
Koetz,J.,Kosmella,S.:PolyelectrolytesandNanoparticles
ISBN:3-540-46381-X
Striebeck,N.:X-RayScatteringofSoftMatter
ISBN:3-540-69855-5
Schärtl,W.:LightScatteringfromPolymerSolutions
andNanoparticleDispersions
ISBN:3-540-71950-2
Khulbe,K.C.,Feng,C.Y.,Matsuura,T.:SyntheticPolymericMembranes
ISBN:3-540-73993-7
ċ ċ
Kailash C. Khulbe C.Y. Feng Takeshi Matsuura
Synthetic Polymeric
Membranes
Characterization by Atomic Force Microscopy
123
Dr.KailashC.Khulbe
C.Y.Feng
Dr.TakeshiMatsuura
IndustrialMembraneResearchLaboratory
ChemicalEngineeringDepartment
UniversityofOttawa
LouisPasteurSt.161
Ottawa,K1N6N5
Canada
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
ISBN 978-3-540-73993-7 e-ISBN 978-3-540-73994-4
DOI 10.1007/978-3-540-73994-4
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2007931849
©2008Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg
Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.Allrightsarereserved,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerialis
concerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting,
reproductiononmicrofilmorinanyotherway,andstorageindatabanks.Duplicationofthispublication
orpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheGermanCopyrightLawofSeptember9,
1965,initscurrentversion,andpermissionforusemustalwaysbeobtainedfromSpringer.Violations
areliabletoprosecutionundertheGermanCopyrightLaw.
Theuseofgeneral descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. inthis publication does not
imply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevantprotective
lawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse.
Coverdesign:WMXDesignGmbH,Heidelberg,Germany
Typesettingandproduction:LE-TEXJelonek,Schmidt&VöcklerGbR,Leipzig,Germany
Printedonacid-freepaper
987654321
springer.com
SpringerLaboratoryManualsinPolymerScience
Editor
Priv.-Doz.Dr.HaraldPasch
DeutschesKunststoff-Institut
Abt.Analytik
Schloßgartenstr.6
64289Darmstadt
Germany
e-mail:[email protected]
EditorialBoard
PDDr.IngoAlig
DeutschesKunststoff-Institut
Abt.Physik
Schloßgartenstr.6
64289Darmstadt
Germany
email:[email protected]
Prof.JosefJanca
UniversitédeLaRochelle
PoleSciencesetTechnologie
AvenueMichelCrépeau
17042LaRochelleCedex01
France
email:[email protected]
Prof.W.-M.Kulicke
Inst.f.Technischeu.Makromol.Chemie
UniversitätHamburg
Bundesstr.45
20146Hamburg
Germany
email:[email protected]
Preface
Thisbookconcentrates onatomicforcemicroscopy(AFM),amethodrecently de-
velopedtostudythesurfacesofsyntheticpolymericmembranes.AFMisbecoming
averyimportanttoolforthecharacterizationofsyntheticpolymericmembranes.The
developmentofmembranesofimprovedperformancedependsontheexactknow-
ledgeofthemorphologyofathinselectivelayerthatexistsatthesurfaceofthemem-
brane.Thecontrolofthemorphologyoftheselectivelayeriscrucialforthedesign
of synthetic polymeric membranes. With a relatively shorthistory of only twenty-
five years, AFMhas firmly established its position asamethod tocharacterize the
membranesurface.
Eachchapterofthisbookincludesinformationonbasicprinciples,commercial
applications, current research, and guidelines for future research. Each chapter is
summarizedattheendandcontainsacomprehensivelistofreferences.
The introductory chapter gives a brief overview of synthetic polymeric mem-
branesandtheirapplications bothinindustrial processesandinbiomedical fields.
It also gives an overview of studies on membrane surface morphology by various
methods.
Chapterdealswiththesynthesisofmembranes,thepropertiesofmembranes,
andtheapplication ofmembranes. Thebeginning alsoidentifies thethreetypesof
membranes(i.e.,biological,synthetic,andtheoretical)andtheirapplications.
ThedetailsofAFMarediscussedinChap..Itisdividedintotwoparts.Inthe
introduction,abriefhistoryofthedevelopmentofAFMisgiven,followedbyalistof
manufacturersandtheirproducts.ThesecondpartcontainsthedetailsoftheAFM
componentsandtheexperimentalprotocolsfordifferentAFMmodes,i.e.,contact,
non-contact,andtapping.Asthesyntheticpolymersaresoft,generallytappingmode
ispreferredtostudythepolymericmembranes.DetailsoftheAFMimageanalysis,
inconjunctionwithsyntheticpolymericmembranes,arealsogiven.
Thefourthchapterexaminesthenodularstructureofthemembranesurfaceob-
served under AFM. It has been known for a long time that macromolecules form
nodulesatthemembranesurface,andthesizeandtheshapeofthenodulesstrongly
governthemembraneperformance.Inconjunctionwithanadvancedtechniquesuch
asplasmaetching,AFMcanreveal thenodularstructureatthemembranesurface
moreclearlythananyothertechnique.Inthischapter,therelationshipbetweenthe
nodular structures and the membrane preparation conditions is discussed for flat
sheetmembranesinthefirstpartandhollowfibersinthesecondpart.Thischapter
alsodealswiththeroughnessatthemembranesurface.
VIII Preface
Chapter  explores the pore structure of the membrane. Pores are clearly ob-
servedunderAFMwhentheirsizesaremorethannm.Themethodtocharacterize
the membrane surface by the mean poresize and the poresize distribution is de-
scribed,andtheresultsarecomparedwiththoseobtainedfromothermoreconven-
tionalmethods.
UnlikeChaps.and,Chap.dealswiththecross-sectionalviewofthemem-
branewhenobservedunderAFM.Sincethetechniqueofcapturingcross-sectional
viewswasdevelopedonlyrecently,relativelyfewimagesarecurrentlyavailable.How-
ever,thistechniquemayhaveastronginfluenceonfutureresearch,particularly in
studyingcellgrowthunderthemembranesurfaceandfoulingbyblockingmembrane
pores.
Chapter  discusses the use of AFM to investigate the adhesion of particles to
polymersurfaces.Adhesionofparticlesonmembranesurfacesisthemaincauseof
fouling.Inthebeginningofthechapter,ashortnoteonDLVO(Derjaguin,Landau,
Verwey,andOverbeek)theory(atheoryofthestabilityofcolloidaldispersions)has
beengiven. However,fewstudiesofadhesioninthemembranefieldbyAFMhave
beenreported.ThepioneerworkofBowen’sschoolhasbeendescribed.
Finally,inChap.,attemptsaremadetocorrelatetheAFMparameters,suchas
noduleandporesizes,tothemembraneperformancedata.Membranesusedforava-
riety of membrane processes, including reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, ultrafiltra-
tion,microfiltration,gasandvaporseparation,pervaporation,andothermembrane
separationprocesses,arecoveredinthischapter.AFMparametersarealsocorrelated
tomembranebiofouling.ThischapteralsoincludesapplicationsofAFMtocharac-
terizebiomedicalmaterials,includingartificialorgansanddrugrelease.
Thus,thebookcoversallaspectsofAFMstudiesonthecharacterizationofsyn-
theticpolymericmembranes.Theauthorsbelievethatthisbookisthefirstattempt
to find cause and effect relationships using AFM between membrane preparation,
membrane characterization, and membrane performance for synthetic polymeric
membranes applied in various separation processes. The authors also believe that
theknowledgeprovidedinthisbookwillcontributetothedesignandpreparationof
improvedsyntheticpolymericmembranes.
ImportanceofThisBook
AlthoughseveralbookshavealreadybeenpublishedonAFM,theywerewrittenfor
differentapplications.Thenovelfeatureofthisbookisthatitisfocusedonthestudy
of synthetic membranes and their surfaces by AFM. For this reason, this book is
monumental inthefieldsofbothAFMandsynthetic membranes. Anotherfeature
ofthisbookisthatitwillprovideaveryusefulguidetoreaderswhowishtoenter
thisfieldofstudy.BygoingthroughthechaptersthatdealwithvariousAFMimages,
the reader will be exposed to the latest research results of the field. However, the
strengthofthebookliesinitsfriendlinesstothereaderindescribingdetailsofAFM
experimental methods and interpretation of experimental data, particularly when
AFMisusedtostudymembranesurfaces.Hence,thepotentialreadersofthebook
Preface IX
areacademicresearcherswhoareinvestigatingsyntheticmembranesandalsoR&D
specialistswhowishtoimproveandcontrolthequalityofsyntheticmembranesfor
variouspurposes.
Thisbookmayalsoattractawiderrangeofreaders,sincesyntheticmembranes
arenow considered tobeoneof themostimportant toolsinthe areas ofseawater
desalination,wastewatertreatment,waterproduction,foodprocessing,treatmentof
pharmaceuticalproducts,airandwatercleaning,separationofchemicalandpetro-
chemicalproducts,drugrelease,andotherbiomedicalapplications.
Ottawa,September KailashC.Khulbe
C.Y.Feng
TakeshiMatsuura
AbbreviationsandSymbols
Δt Temperaturedifference
λ Heatofvaporizationofthesolvent(kJkg−mol−)
(cid:2)
λ Ratioofsoluteradiusandporeradius
μ Viscosity
μ Meanporesize
p
μm Micron,micrometer
ρ Density
σ Standarddeviation
p
Å Angstrom
AFM Atomicforcemicroscopy
AFS Atomicforcespectroscopy
BSA Bovineserumalbumin
(cid:3)
C Degreecentigrade
CA Celluloseacetate
CAB Celluloseacetatebutyrate
C-AFM Contactmodeatomicforcemicroscopy
(cid:2) (cid:2)
cAMP Adenosine,-cyclicmonophosphate
CE Cellulose
cm Centimeter
CTA Cellulosetriacetate
C Heatcapacity
p
Da Dalton
DEHPA Di--ethylhexylphosphoricacid
DLVO DLVO(Derjaguin,Landau,Verwey,andOverbeek)theory
DMAc N,N-Dimethylacetamide
DMF Dimethylformamide
DSC Differentialscanningcalorimetry
DSPM Donnan-steric-poremodel
DTPA Di--ethylhexylthiophosphoricacid
ED Electrodialysis
F Force
f ApparentrejectionofNaCl(%)
NaCl
FE-SEM Fieldemissionscanningelectronmicroscopy
FFT FastFouriertransform
G Gravityconstant