Table Of ContentSynthetic Membranes:
Volume II
Hyper- and Ultrafiltration Uses
In Synthetic Membranes: Volume II; Turbak, A.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1981.
In Synthetic Membranes: Volume II; Turbak, A.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1981.
Synthetic Membranes:
Volume II
Hyper- and Ultrafiltration Uses
Albin F. Turbak, EDITOR
ITT Rayonier Inc.
Based on the 20th Anniversary
Symposium honoring Drs. Loeb and
Sourirajan sponsored by the
Cellulose, Paper, and Textile
Division at the Second
Chemical Congress of the
North American Continent,
Las Vegas, Nevada,
August 25-29, 1980.
ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 154
AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY
WASHINGTON, D. C. 1981
In Synthetic Membranes: Volume II; Turbak, A.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1981.
Library of Congress CIP Data
Synthetic membranes.
(ACS symposium series, ISSN 0097-6156; 153-154)
Includes bibliographies and index.
Contents: v. 1. Desalination—v. 2. Hyper- and ultra
filtration uses.
1. Membranes (Technology)—Congresses. I. Loeb,
Sidney. II. Sourirajan, S. III. Turbak, Albin F.,
1929- IV. American Chemical Society. Cellulose,
Paper, and Textile Division. V. Series.
TP159.M4S95 660.2'8424 81-1259
ISBN 0-8412-0623-6 (v. 2) AACR2
ISBN 0-8412-0625-2 (set) ACSMC8 154 1-474 1981
Copyright © 1981
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In Synthetic Membranes: Volume II; Turbak, A.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1981.
ACS Symposium Series
M. Joan Comstock Series Editor
Advisory Board
David L. Allara James P. Lodge
Kenneth B. Bischoff Marvin Margoshes
Donald D. Dollberg Leon Petrakis
Robert E. Feeney Theodore Provder
Jack Halpern F. Sherwood Rowland
Brian M. Harney Dennis Schuetzle
W. Jeffrey Howe Davis L. Temple, Jr.
James D. Idol, Jr. Gunter Zweig
In Synthetic Membranes: Volume II; Turbak, A.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1981.
FOREWORD
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format of the Series parallels that of the continuing ADVANCES
IN CHEMISTRY SERIES except that in order to save time the
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In Synthetic Membranes: Volume II; Turbak, A.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1981.
PREFACE
T
his volume is the result of a symposium honoring Drs. Sidney Loeb
and S. Sourirajan on the 20th anniversary of their discovery of the
first functionally useful reverse osmosis membrane. During this four-day
symposium membrane experts from 13 countries participated in paying
tribute to Drs. Loeb and Sourirajan's pioneering efforts and 55 papers
were presented covering most areas of membrane uses. These included
the salt-rejecting dense membranes for reverse osmosis, which, as Dr. Souri
rajan noted in his plenary lecture, is really a misnomer and might be
described more accurately as hyperfiltration, and the more porous mem
branes for ultrafiltration.
The large number o
in two volumes. Volum salt-rejecting
hyperfiltration membranes. Volume II covers hyper- and ultrafiltration
membrane utilization in the following areas: food, medicine, pulp, paper,
and textile industries, oily waste stream purification, and in the separation
of gases, polymers, organic solutes, and biopolymers.
Many of these uses are very significant since they are described from
the point of extensive commercial experience. This is particularly true of
the food, medical, and waste treatment fields. For example, cheese whey
solids that previously were pollution problems are recovered now at the
rate of several hundred tons/day and sold as valuable food. Similarly the
recent advances of hemofiltration over hemodialysis are improving the
quality of life for thousands of patients who suffer from renal failure.
Also pollution abatement by ultra- and hyperfiltration in the pulp, textile,
and steel-processing industries is now a commercial reality for certain
types of waste streams.
As the membrane field continues to expand, specific membranes will
be available to perform an ever-widening series of important functions and
much of the impetus for such expansion will be based on the original
efforts of Drs. Loeb and Sourirajan.
The overwhelming number of papers originally submitted for con
sideration for this symposium coupled with the outstanding attendance at
the symposium attest to the high esteem in which these two gentlemen are
held by their peers. It was a distinct honor to take part in this 20th anni
versary tribute. I would like to thank all of the participants for their
wonderful cooperation in making this occasion such a great success.
I.T.T. Rayonier, Inc. ALBIN F. TURBAK
Eastern Research Division
Whippany, NJ 07981 December 24, 1980.
ix
In Synthetic Membranes: Volume II; Turbak, A.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1981.
S. Sourirajan, Albin Turbak, and Sidney Loeb
In Synthetic Membranes: Volume II; Turbak, A.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1981.
DEDICATION
T
wenty years ago two researchers laboring diligently at the University
of California at Los Angeles developed the first modified asymmetric
membranes which seemed to have commercial potential for what was to
become the exciting field that today is known as hyperfiltration or reverse
osmosis. Since that time, these dedicated scientists have given freely of
themselves and their talents not only to further contribute technically, but
also to help guide, teach d trai other t i thi frontie
It is little wonder the
countries throughout the world responded so enthusiastically to the initial
announcement regarding the organization of a symposium to recognize,
honor, and pay tribute to Drs. Sidney Loeb and S. Sourirajan on the 20th
anniversary of their initial contribution.
From the beginning it was apparent that this four-day symposium
covering a seeming myriad of membrane information and uses would be
one of the major events of the Fall 1980 Las Vegas A.C.S. National
Meeting. This symposium, highlighted by plenary lectures from Drs. Loeb
and Sourirajan, had an outstanding attendance. Even on the fourth day
there were still more people attending this symposium than normally are
present for the initial phases of most other sessions. This in itself says
more than anyone could say regarding the universal interest in membranes
and the high esteem in which Sid Loeb and S. Sourirajan are held by their
peers throughout the world.
Today their initial work on the preparation of suitable asymmetric
membranes has touched nearly every aspect of life including uses in water
purification, food technology, biological separations, waste treatment,
medical applications, and bioengineering, and this appears to be just the
beginning.
I know that I speak for all of their many friends when I take this
opportunity to wish Drs. Loeb and Sourirajan continued good health and, if
possible, even more success in their future research and development efforts.
ALBIN F. TURBAK
xi
In Synthetic Membranes: Volume II; Turbak, A.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1981.
1
Development of a Tomato Juice Concentration
System by Reverse Osmosis
K. ISHII, S. KONOMI, K. KOJIMA, and M. KAI
Daicel Chemical Industries, Ltd., 1 Teppo-cho, Sakai-shi, 590, Japan
N. UKAI and N. UNO
Kagome Co., Ltd., 3-14-15, Nishiki, Naka-ku, Nagoya-shi, 460, Japan
There have been man
technology to food industries
mercial success except those of dairy processes (1). DAICEL has
been studying since 1971 the application of its cellulose acetate
RO membranes and polyacrylonitrile UF membranes to food, pharma
ceutical, medical, paper and other industries. As to the use of
membranes in food industries other than dairy processes, only two
cases were developed to a semicommercial scale, that is, grape
juice concentration for wine must and tomato juice concentration
for processing and storage of the juice till next harvest.
The RO concentration of fresh fruit juice has two diffcul-
ties. The one is that the high osmotic pressure of fruit juice
prevents concentrating the juice to the required concentration,
and the other is the loss of light flavor.
In case of tomato juice concentration, the required product
sugar content is ca. 20%, which is exceptionally low enough to be
attained by RO process. In addition, the loss of light flavor
does not significantly spoil the commercial value. The expected
advantages of membrane process over conventional evaporation proc
ess was the improvement of the product quality especially in taste
and color. The major problem was to develop a system which pro
duces high quality condensed juice without adding to the cost over
that of the conventional process. A joint study started in 1971
at DAICEL1s laboratory, and after three seasons' field tests at
Kozakai, Fujimi and Ibaragi plants of Kagome Co., Ltd., a semi-
commercial equipment was built at Ibaragi plant in 1975. Since
then i t has been producing ca. 1 m3/hr of concentrated fresh to
mato juice.
Experimental
Tomato juice. Diluted canned tomato paste was used for lab
oratory experiments with 28 cm2 flat membrane cells. For field
tests with tubular membranes, sterilized fresh juice was used.
0097-6156/81/0154-0001$05.00/0
© 1981 American Chemical Society
In Synthetic Membranes: Volume II; Turbak, A.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1981.
