Synthetic Aperture Radar Polarimetry

327 Pages·26.345 MB·English

by  Jakob van Zyl, Yunjin Kim(auth.), Joseph H. Yuen(eds.)

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SYNTHETIC APERTURE
RADAR POLARIMETRY
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JPLSPACESCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGYSERIES
JosephH.Yuen,Editor-in-Chief
PublishedTitlesinthisSeries
FundamentalsofElectricPropulsion:IonandHallThrusters
DanM.GoebelandIraKatz
SyntheticApertureRadarPolarimetry
JakobVanZylandYunjinKim
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SYNTHETIC APERTURE
RADAR POLARIMETRY
JAKOB VAN ZYL
YUNJIN KIM
JetPropulsionLaboratory
CaliforniaInstituteofTechnology
AJOHNWILEYANDSONS,INC.,PUBLICATION
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SyntheticApertureRadarPolarimetry
December2010
TheresearchdescribedinthispublicationwascarriedoutattheJet
PropulsionLaboratory,CaliforniaInstituteofTechnology,underacontract
withtheNationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration.
Referencehereintoanyspecificcommercialproduct,process,orservice
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PropulsionLaboratory,CaliforniaInstituteofTechnology.
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CONTENTS
NOTEFROMTHESERIESEDITOR xi
FOREWORD xiii
PREFACE xv
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xvii
AUTHORS xix
1 SYNTHETICAPERTURERADAR(SAR)IMAGINGBASICS 1
1.1 BasicPrinciplesofRadarImaging / 2
1.2 RadarResolution / 6
1.3 RadarEquation / 10
1.4 RealApertureRadar / 11
1.5 SyntheticApertureRadar / 13
1.6 RadarImageArtifactsandNoise / 16
1.6.1 RangeandAzimuthAmbiguities / 16
1.6.2 GeometricEffectsandProjections / 19
1.6.3 SignalFadingandSpeckle / 20
1.7 Summary / 22
References / 22
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viii CONTENTS
2 BASICPRINCIPLESOFSARPOLARIMETRY 23
2.1 PolarizationofElectromagneticWaves / 23
2.2 MathematicalRepresentationsofScatterers / 27
2.3 ImplementationofaRadarPolarimeter / 32
2.4 PolarizationResponse / 34
2.5 OptimumPolarizations / 53
2.5.1 General(Bistatic)Case / 54
2.5.2 Backscatter(Monostatic)Case / 56
2.5.3 SpecialCase:SingleScattererinBackscatter
(Monostatic)Case / 58
2.5.4 SpecialCase:MultipleScattererswithReflection
Symmetry / 61
2.5.5 ANumericalExample / 63
2.6 ContrastEnhancement / 65
2.6.1 NumericalExample / 67
2.6.2 ImageExample / 69
2.7 Summary / 71
References / 71
3 ADVANCEDPOLARIMETRICCONCEPTS 73
3.1 Vector-MatrixDualityofScattererRepresentation / 73
3.2 Eigenvalue-andEigenvector-BasedPolarimetricParameters / 76
3.2.1 ParametersUsedtoDescribeRandomness
inScattering / 76
3.2.2 AlphaAngle / 80
3.3 DecompositionofPolarimetricScattering / 88
3.3.1 ScatteringDecompositionintheIncoherentCaseUsing
OrthonormalBases / 91
3.3.2 Model-BasedScatteringDecompositioninthe
IncoherentCase / 96
3.4 ImageClassification / 125
3.4.1 SupervisedClassification / 128
3.4.2 Physics-BasedUnsupervisedClassification / 132
3.4.3 CombinedUnsupervisedandBayesClassification
Algorithms / 133
3.5 PolarimetricSARInterferometry / 135
3.6 Summary / 141
References / 141
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CONTENTS ix
4 POLARIMETRICSARCALIBRATION 145
4.1 PolarimetricRadarSystemModel / 145
4.2 CrossTalkEstimationandRemoval / 152
4.3 CopolarizedChannelImbalanceCalibration / 161
4.4 AbsoluteRadiometricCalibration / 166
4.4.1 EffectofTopographyonScatteringArea / 169
4.4.2 EffectofTopographyonAntennaPatternCorrections / 174
4.4.3 AIRSARImageExample / 176
4.5 FaradayRotation / 177
4.6 Summary / 179
References / 180
5 APPLICATIONS:MEASUREMENTOFSURFACE
SOILMOISTURE 182
5.1 SurfaceElectricalandGeometricalProperties / 183
5.1.1 GeometricalProperties / 183
5.1.2 ElectricalProperties / 188
5.1.3 PenetrationDepth / 191
5.1.4 SoilMoistureProfile / 193
5.2 ScatteringfromBareRoughSurfaces / 196
5.2.1 First-OrderSmall-PerturbationModel / 199
5.2.2 TheIntegralEquationModel / 199
5.3 ExampleBareSurfaceSoilMoistureInversionModels / 201
5.3.1 TheFirst-OrderSmall-PerturbationModel / 201
5.3.2 AlgorithmProposedbyOhetal.(1992) / 205
5.3.3 AlgorithmProposedbyDuboisetal. / 207
5.3.4 AlgorithmProposedbyShietal.(1997) / 209
5.4 ComparisonofthePerformanceofBareSurface
InversionModels / 211
5.5 ParameterizingScatteringModels / 216
5.6 InvertingtheIEMModel / 222
5.6.1 UsingaDataCube / 223
5.7 ScatteringfromVegetatedTerrain / 225
5.7.1 ScatteringfromtheVegetationLayer(ScatteringPath1) / 228
5.7.2 BackscatterfromtheUnderlyingGroundSurface
(ScatteringPath4) / 232
5.7.3 Double-ReflectionScattering(ScatteringPaths2and3) / 233
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5.8 SimulationResults / 239
5.8.1 EffectoftheAngleofIncidence / 239
5.8.2 EffectofCylinderRadius / 242
5.8.3 EffectofCylinderMoisture / 243
5.8.4 RadarVegetationIndex / 244
5.8.5 EffectofSoilMoisture / 247
5.8.6 InvertingforSoilMoisture:theDataCube / 250
5.9 TimeSeriesEstimationofSoilMoisture / 252
5.10 Summary / 257
References / 258
Appendixes
A TILTEDSMALLPERTURBATIONMODELDETAILS 262
B BISTATICSCATTERINGMATRIXOFACYLINDERWITH
ARBITRARYORIENTATION 267
C NOMENCLATURE 276
INDEX 279
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NOTE FROM THE SERIES EDITOR
TheJetPropulsionLaboratory(JPL)SpaceScienceandTechnologySeriesbroadens
the range of the ongoing JPL Deep Space Communications and Navigation Series
to include disciplines other than communications and navigation in which JPL has
made important contributions. The books are authored by scientists and engineers
with many years of experience in their respective fields, and lay a foundation for
innovation by communicating state-of-the-art knowledge in key technologies. The
seriesalsocapturesfundamentalprinciplesandpracticesdevelopedduringdecades
ofspaceexplorationatJPL,andcelebratesthesuccessesachieved.Thesebookswill
servetoguideanewgenerationofscientistsandengineers.
WewouldliketothanktheOfficeoftheChiefScientistandChiefTechnologist
for their encouragement and support. In particular, we would like to acknowledge
the support of Thomas A. Prince, former JPL Chief Scientist; Erik K. Antonsson,
former JPL Chief Technologist; Daniel J. McCleese, JPL Chief Scientist; and Paul
E.Dimotakis,JPLChiefTechnologist.
JosephH.Yuen,Editor-in-Chief
JPLSpaceScienceandTechnologySeries
JetPropulsionLaboratory
CaliforniaInstituteofTechnology
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