Synthesis of zinc oxide and cobalt oxide nanoparticles in surfactant / antibiotics shell and ...

97 Pages·2013·3.78 MB·English

An-Najah National University
Faculty of Graduate Studies

Synthesis of zinc oxide and cobalt oxide
nanoparticles in surfactant / antibiotics shell
and investigating their anti-bacterial activities

By
Alaa Qasem Abed-Alkareem Al-Haj Qasem

Supervisor
Dr. Amjad Hussein
Co-supervisor
Dr. Mohammed Suleiman

This Thesis is Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for
the Degree of Master of Science in Biology, Faculty of Graduate
Studies, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine.
2013

iii
Dedication
To my Prophet Mohammad
(peace be upon him)
Then,,
To my beloved
mother, father and family,
dear sisters and
all who gave me
help and support
throughout my life.
iv
Acknowledgment
At the beginning, thanks Allah for what I have now…
I would like to express my special thanks to Dr. Amjad
Hussien and Dr. Mohammad Suleiman for their supervision.
Without their endless support and help this work could not be
achieved.
I'd like to thank the technical staff in Biology, Chemistry and
Medical Laboratory Sciences Departments, for their technical help.
Thanks for Dr. Firas Qanaze from the college of pharmacy /
An-Najah National University and Dr. Dimitrios Bikiaris, Aristotle
University of Thessaloniki, Chemistry Department, Laboratory of
Polymer Chemistry and Technology for their kind help in the
chemical characterization of nanoparticles. Also thanks for Mr.
Diya' Aref, Mr. Moath Bari and Mr. Yousef Salamah for their help
during the laboratory work.
Finally, my great thanks and supplication to my mother,
father, sisters and brothers especially the younger one, Mostafa, for
their support and help.
And I can't forget my beloved friends, their encouragement
was my motivation.
v
ﺭﺍﺭﻗﻹﺍ
:ﻥﺍﻭﻨﻌﻝﺍ لﻤﺤﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻗﻭﻤ ﻩﺎﻨﺩﺃ ﻊﻗﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻨﺃ
Synthesis of zinc oxide and cobalt oxide
nanoparticles in surfactant / antibiotics shell
and investigating their anti-bacterial activities

ﺩ ﺍﻭﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺎﻬﻔﻴﻠﻐﺘﻭ ﻭﻨﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﺠﺤﺄﺒ ﺕﻝﺎﺒﻭﻜﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺴﻜﺃﻭ ﻙﻨﺯﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺴﻜﺃ ﺭﻴﻀﺤﺘ
ﺔﻴﺭﻴﺘﻜﺒ ﺕﺍﺩﺎﻀﻤﻜ ﺎﻫﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻭ ﺔﻴﻭﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺎﻀﻤﻝﺍ / ﺎﻴﺤﻁﺴ ﺔﻝﺎﻌﻔﻝﺍ

ﻪﻴﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺎﺸﻻﺍ ﺕﻤﺘ ﺎﻤ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺘﺴﺎﺒ ،ﺹﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻱﺩﻬﺠ ﺝﺎﺘﻨ ﻭﻫ ﺔﻝﺎﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﺕﻠﻤﺘﺸﺍ ﺎﻤ ﻥ ﺄﺒ ﺭﻗﺃ
ﺏـﻘﻝ ﻭﺃ ﺔـﺠﺭﺩ ﻱﺃ لﻴﻨﻝ لﺒﻗ ﻥﻤ ﻡﺩﻘﻴ ﻡﻝ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺀﺯﺠ ﻱﺃ ﻭﺃ ،لﻜﻜ ﺔﻝﺎﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﺃﻭ ،ﺩﺭﻭ ﺎﻤﺜﻴﺤ
.ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺔﻴﺜﺤﺒ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤ ﻱﺃ ﻯﺩﻝ ﻲﺜﺤﺒ ﻭﺃ ﻲﻤﻠﻋ
Declaration
The work provided in this thesis, unless otherwise referenced, is the
researcher's own work, and has not been submitted elsewhere for any other
degree or qualification.

Students name: :ﺔﺒﻝﺎﻁﻝﺍ ﻡﺴﺍ

Signature: :ﻊﻴﻗﻭﺘﻝﺍ

Date: :ﺦﻴﺭﺎﺘﻝﺍ
vi
List of Abbreviation
Symbol Abbreviation
A ° Angstrom
AFM Atomic Force Microscopy
B. subtilis Bacillus subtilis bacteria
CoO Cobalt oxide
DMSO Dimethylsulphoxide
E. coli Escherichia coli bacteria
EDX Energy Dispersive X-ray
FWHM Full width at half maximum
GRAS Generally Recognized As Safe
M Molarity
MBC Minimum bactericidal concentration
MIC Minimum inhibitory concentration
NA Nutrient Agar
NB Nutrient Broth
nm Nanometer
NP Nanoparticles
QAS Quaternary Ammonium Surfactants
S. aureus Staphylococcus aureus bacteria
SEM Scanning Electron Microscopy
TOA Tetra octyl ammonium salts
TOAB Tetraoctyl ammonium bromide
XRD X-ray diffraction
ZnO Zinc oxide
vii
Table of Contents
No. Content Page
Dedication iii
Acknowledgment iv
Declaration v
List of abbreviations vi
Table of contents vii
List of tables x
List of figures xii
Abstract xiv
Chapter One: Literature review 1
Chapter Two: Introduction 7
2.1 Naoparticles 8
2.2 Stabilizers 9
2.3 Zinc and Cobalt oxide nanoparticles 10
2.3.1 Zinc oxide nanoparicles 10
2.3.2 Zinc oxide nanoparicles stabilized in surfactant 12
Zinc oxide nanoparicles stabilized in surfactant and
2.3.3 12
mixed with antibiotics
Cobalt oxide nanoparicles, cobalt oxide nanoparicles
2.3.4 stabilized in surfactant, cobalt oxide nanoparticles 13
stabilized in surfactant and mixed with antibiotics
2.4 Bacterial strains 14
2.4.1 Staphylococcus aureus 14
2.4.2 Bacillus subtilis 15
2.4.3 Escherichia coli 16
2.5 Antibiotics 17
2.5.1 Amoxicillin 17
2.5.2 Cephalexin 17
2.5.3 Streptomycin 18
2.6 The toxicological effect of nanoparticles on human 18
2.7 Objectives of this study 19
Chapter three: Methodology 21
3.1 Chemicals and Materials 22
3.2 Sample preparation 23
3.2.1 Zinc oxide nanoparticles preparation 23
Zinc oxide nanoparticles stabilized in TOAB
3.2.2 23
preparation
3.2.3 Cobalt oxide nanoparticles preparation 23
Cobalt oxide nanoparticles stabilized in TOAB
3.2.4 24
preparation
viii
No. Content Page
3.3 Samples characterization 24
3.3.1 X-ray diffraction (XRD) 24
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy
3.3.2 25
Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX)
3.4 Antibacterial activity 25
3.4.1 Bacterial isolates 25
3.4.2 Bacterial culture preparation 26
3.4.2.1 McFarland preparation 26
3.4.2.2 Nutrient broth preparation 26
3.4.3 pH examination 27
3.4.4 Serial dilution preparation and MIC determination 27
The ratios of nanoparticles stabilized in TOAB to
3.4.5 29
Antibiotics
Chapter four: Results and Discussion 30
4.1 Nanoparticles characterization 31
4.1.1 X-ray diffraction (XRD) 31
4.1.1.1 X-ray characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles 31
X-ray characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles
4.1.1.2 33
stabilized in TOAB
4.1.1.3 X-ray characterization of cobalt oxide nanoparticles 33
X-ray characterization of cobalt oxide nanoparticles
4.1.1.4 34
stabilized in TOAB
4.1.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy Characterization (SEM) 35
4.1.2.1 SEM characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles 35
SEM characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles
4.1.2.2 36
stabilized in TOAB
4.1.2.3 SEM characterization of cobalt oxide nanoparticles 37
SEM characterization of cobalt oxide nanoparticles
4.1.2.4 38
stabilized in TOAB
Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy
4.1.3 38
Characterization(EDX)
4.1.3.1 EDX characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles 38
4.1.3.2 EDX characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles
39
stabilized in TOAB
4.1.3.3. EDX characterization of cobalt oxide nanoparticles 40
EDX characterization of cobalt oxide nanoparticles
4.1.3.4 41
stabilized in TOAB.
4.2 Antibacterial Activity 42
The antibacterial activity of tetra-octyl ammonium
4.2.1 43
bromide (TOAB)
ix
No. Content Page
The antibacterial activity of dimethyl-sulphoxide
4.2.2 44
(DMSO)
4.2.3 The antibacterial activity of nanoparticles 45
4.2.3.1 Zinc oxide Nanoparticles 46
4.2.3.2 Cobalt oxide Nanoparticles 49
4.2.4 Antibacterial activity of antibiotics 51
The antibacterial activity of nanoparticles oxides
4.2.5 55
stabilized in TOAB and mixed with antibiotics
The antibacterial activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles
4.2.5.1 56
stabilized in TOAB and mixed with antibiotics
The antibacterial activity of cobalt oxide nanoparticles
4.2.5.2 61
stabilized in TOAB and mixed with antibiotics
Conclusion 66
Suggestions for further work 69
References 70
Appendix 77
ﺹﺨﻠﻤﻝﺍ ﺏ
x
List of Tables
No. Tables Page
Table (4.1) EDX analysis of ZnO-NPs 39
Table (4.2) EDX analysis of ZnO-NPs stabilized in TOAB 40
Table (4.3) EDX analysis of CoO-NPs 40
Table (4.4) EDX analysis of CoO-NPs stabilized in TOAB 41
Table (4.5) The antibacterial activity of TOAB 43
Table (4.6) The antibacterial activity of DMSO 44
The antibacterial activity of zinc oxide
Table (4.7) 46
nanoparticles
The antibacterial activity of zinc oxide
Table (4.8) 47
nanoparticles stabilized in TOAB
The antibacterial activity of cobalt oxide
Table (4.9) 49
nanoparticles
The antibacterial activity of cobalt oxide
Table (4.10) 50
nanoparticles stabilized in TOAB
Table (4.11) The antibacterial activity of amoxicillin 52
Table (4.12) The antibacterial activity of cephalexin 53
Table (4.13) The antibacterial activity of streptomycin 55
The antibacterial activity of zinc
Table (4.14) oxidenanoparticles stabilized in TOAB and mixed 56
with amoxicillin
The antibacterial activity of zinc oxide
Table (4.15) nanoparticles stabilized in TOAB and mixed with 58
cephalexin
The antibacterial activity of zinc oxide
Table (4.16) nanoparticles stabilized in TOAB and mixed with 59
streptomycin
The antibacterial activity of cobalt oxide
Table (4.17) nanoparticles stabilized in TOAB and mixed with 61
amoxicillin
The antibacterial activity of cobalt oxide
Table (4.18) nanoparticles stabilized in TOAB and mixed with 62
cephalexin
The antibacterial activity of cobalt oxide
Table (4.19) nanoparticles stabilized in TOAB and mixed with 64
streptomycin