Symbolic Interactionism, Inequality, and Emotions

664 Pages·2007·49.1 MB·English

Handbook of the
Sociology of Emotions
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Handbook of the
Sociology of Emotions
Edited by
Jan E. Stets
University of California
Riverside, California
and
Jonathan H. l\irner
University of California
Riverside, California
Springer
Jan E. Stets Jonathan H. Turner
Department of Sociology Department of Sociology
University of California University of California
Riverside, CA 92521 Riverside, CA 92521
USA USA
[email protected] [email protected]
Library of Congress Control Number: 2005936762
ISBN-10: 0-387-30713-3 e-ISBN 0-387-30715-X
ISBN-13: 978-0387-30713-8
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Contributors
David Boyns, Department of Sociology, California State University, Northridge, CA 91330
Kathy Charmaz. Department of Sociology, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, CA 94928
Gordon Clanton. Department of Sociology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182
Candace Clark. Kure Beach, NC 28449
Martha Copp. Department of Sociology and Anthropology, East Tennessee State University,
Johnson City, TN 37614
Mark H. Davis. Department of Psychology, Eckerd College, St. Petersburg, FL 33711
Brooke Di Leone. Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park,
PA 16802
Diane H. Felmlee. Department of Sociology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
Jessica Fields. Department of Sociology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA
94132
Linda E. Francis. School of Social Welfare, SUNY at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794
David D. Franks. Department of Sociology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
23284
Dallas N. Garner. Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park,
PA 16802
Jeff Goodwin. Department of Sociology, New York University, New York, NY 10012
Alena M. Hadley. Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park,
PA 16802
Michael Hammond. Department of Sociology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
M5S 2J4
James M. Jasper. New York, NY 10011
Guillermina Jasso. Department of Sociology, New York University, New York, NY 10012
Howard B. Kaplan. Department of Sociology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
77843
Theodore D. Kemper. Department of Sociology, St. John's University, Jamaica, NY 11439
vi Contributors
Sherryl Kleinman. Department of Sociology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
27599
Edward J. Lawler. Department of Organizational Behavior, School of Industrial and Labor
Relations and Department of Sociology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
Kathryn J. Lively. Department of Sociology, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755
Melinda J. Milligan. Department of Sociology, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, CA
94928
Gretchen Peterson. Department of Sociology, California State University, Los Angeles, CA
90032
Cecilia L. Ridgeway. Department of Sociology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
Dawn T. Robinson. Department of Sociology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
Scott Schieman. Department of Sociology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
M5S 2J4
Christopher S. Schmitt. Department of Sociology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521
Stephanie A. Shields. Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park,
PA 16802
Lynn Smith-Lovin. Department of Sociology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
Susan Sprecher. Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Illinois State University, Normal,
IL 61790
Jan E. Stets. Department of Sociology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521
Erika Summers-Effler. Department of Sociology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN
46556
Robert A. Thamm. Department of Sociology, San Jose State University, San Jose, CA 95192
Shane R. Thye. Department of Sociology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208
Jonathan H. Turner. Department of Sociology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521
Allison K. Wisecup. Department of Sociology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
Contents
Introduction
Jan E. Stets and Jonathan H. Turner
References
I. BASIC PROCESSES
1. The Classification of Emotions 11
Robert A. Thamm
Traditional Classification Approaches 11
Contemporary Classification Systems 14
Relevant Factors in Classifying Emotions 16
Culture, Structure, and Appraisal 16
The Classification Scheme 17
"Classic" Construction of Emotion Categories 18
Levels of Emotion Differentiation 20
Conclusions 34
References 35
2. The Neuroscience of Emotions 38
David D. Franks
Why the Emotional Brain? 39
Sociology and the Neuroscience Divide 40
Some Generalizations about the Emotional Brain 41
The Functional Anatomy of Emotion in the Brain 42
Top to Dovv^n Brain Structures 45
The Debate About the Limbic System 49
Neuroscience and Unconscious Emotion 51
On the Relationship of Cognition and Emotion: The Interaction of Cognitive
and Emotional Processes in the Brain 55
Conclusion 59
Notes 60
References 60
ii Contents
3. Gender and Emotion 63
Stephanie A. Shields, Dallas N. Garner, Brooke Di Leone, and Alena M. Hadley
A Framework for Studying Gender and Emotion 65
Beliefs About the Gender-Emotion Connection 68
Power and Status 71
Sexuality 74
Conclusion 78
References 79
II. THEORIES
4. Power and Status and the Power-Status Theory of Emotions 87
Theodore D. Kemper
Power and Status Theory 87
Relational Metaprocesses 93
The Power-Status Theory of Emotions 96
Tests of the Theory 108
Research Agenda 109
Conclusion 110
Notes Ill
References Ill
5. Cultural Theory and Emotions 114
Gretchen Peterson
Defining Emotions 115
The Self and Emotions 115
Cultural Content 116
Empirical Work on Emotion Culture 118
Variations in Emotion Culture 121
Learning the Emotion Culture: Emotional Socialization 122
Research on Emotional Socialization 123
Managing Emotions 124
Research on Emotion Management 126
Commercialization of Emotion Management 127
Research on Emotional Labor 129
Concl usion 131
Notes 133
References 133
6. Ritual Theory 135
Erika Summers-Effler
The Interaction Order 136
Interaction Order Dynamics 137
Second-Order System Dynamics 140
Thinking and the Self 141
Network Processes 146
Small Groups 147
Constraints on the Interaction Order 149
Contents ix
Conclusion 152
References 153
7. Symbolic Interactionism, Inequality, and Emotions 155
Jessica Fields, Martha Copp, and Sherryl Kleinman
Theoretical Framings and Foundations 156
Linking the Emotional and the Social 158
Everyday Emotional Practices and Contexts 159
Who We Are, How We Feel: Emotions, Identity, and Beliefs 164
Emotion, Ideology, and Sustained Social Inequalities 168
Methodological Perspectives for Interactionist Studies of Emotion 173
Conclusion 174
References 175
8. Affect Control Theory 179
Dawn T. Robinson, Lynn Smith-Lovin, and Allison K. Wisecup
Symbolic Interactionist Roots of Affect Control Theory 180
Definitions 181
The Formal Structure of the Theory 184
Empirical Studies of Emotion Using Affect Control Theory 191
Emotions in Understanding Social Movements and Politics 193
A Brief Comparison with a Close Theoretical Cousin 196
Directions for Future Research 198
Notes 199
References 199
9. Identity Theory and Emotions 203
Jan E, Stets
Identity Theory and Research 204
Future Research 220
Conclusion 221
Notes 222
References 222
10. Self Theory and Emotions 224
Howard B. Kaplan
Self Theory as an Integrative Framework for the Sociology of Emotions 224
Emotions as Self-Referent Responses 229
Emotional Experiences/Expressions as Self-Cognitive Stimuli for
Self-Evaluation 230
Emotional (Self-Feeling) Responses to Self-Cognition-Stimulated
Self-Evaluations 232
Emotions and Self-Enhancing/Self-Protective Responses 241
Emotional Responses as Self-Enhancing/Self-Protective Mechanisms 244
Self-Enhancing/Self-Protective Mechanisms and Self-Feelings (Emotion) 245
Retrospect and Prospect 247
References 249