Switching in Electrical Transmission and Distribution Systems

443 Pages·2014·11.954 MB·English

by  René Smeets, Lou van der Sluis, Mirsad Kapetanovic, David F. Peelo, Anton Janssen

Switching
in Electrical Transmission
and Distribution Systems
René Smeets • Lou van der Sluis
(cid:252)
Mirsad Kapetanovi • David Peelo
Anton Janssen

SWITCHING IN
ELECTRICAL
TRANSMISSION AND
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS

SWITCHING IN
ELECTRICAL
TRANSMISSION AND
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
Rene´ Smeets
DNVGL–Energy,TheNetherlands
LouvanderSluis
DelftUniversityofTechnology,TheNetherlands
MirsadKapetanovic´
UniversityofSarajevo,BosniaandHerzegovina
DavidF.Peelo
Consultant,Canada
AntonJanssen
LianderAssetManagement,TheNetherlands
Thiseditionfirstpublished2015
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Janssen,Anton,author.
SwitchinginElectricaltransmissionanddistributionsystems/Rene´PeterPaulSmeets,editor;AntonJanssen,
MirsadKapetanovic´,DavidF.Peelo,LouvanderSluis.
1onlineresource.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
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ISBN978-1-118-70362-5(ePub)–ISBN978-1-118-70363-2(AdobePDF)–ISBN978-1-118-38135-9
(cloth) 1.Electricswitchgear. 2.Electricpowerdistribution–Hightension–Equipmentandsupplies. I.Smeets,
Rene´PeterPaul,editor. II.Kapetanovic´,Mirsad,author. III.Peelo,DavidF.,author. IV.VanderSluis,Lou,
author. V.Title.
TK2831
621.319′3–dc23
2014023080
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
ISBN:978-1-118-38135-9
Setin10/12ptTimesbyAptaraInc.,NewDelhi,India
Coverphoto:SamRentmeester
Coverillustration:PhasetoPhase
Coverdesign:TheovanVliet
1 2015
ToGeertChristiaanDamstra(1930–2012)

Contents
Preface xv
1 SwitchinginPowerSystems 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 OrganizationofthisBook 2
1.3 Power-SystemAnalysis 5
1.4 PurposeofSwitching 8
1.4.1 IsolationandEarthing 8
1.4.2 Busbar-TransferSwitching 8
1.4.3 LoadSwitching 8
1.4.4 Fault-CurrentInterruption 9
1.5 TheSwitchingArc 10
1.6 TransientRecoveryVoltage(TRV) 14
1.6.1 TRVDescription 14
1.6.2 TRVComposedofLoad-andSource-SideContributions 16
1.7 SwitchingDevices 19
1.8 ClassificationofCircuit-Breakers 22
References 27
2 FaultsinPowerSystems 28
2.1 Introduction 28
2.2 AsymmetricalCurrent 30
2.2.1 GeneralTerms 30
2.2.2 DCTimeConstant 33
2.2.3 AsymmetricalCurrentinThree-PhaseSystems 34
2.3 Short-CircuitCurrentImpactonSystemandComponents 35
2.4 FaultStatistics 43
2.4.1 OccurrenceandNatureofShort-Circuits 43
2.4.2 MagnitudeofShort-CircuitCurrent 45
References 46
viii Contents
3 Fault-CurrentBreakingandMaking 48
3.1 Introduction 48
3.2 Fault-CurrentInterruption 48
3.3 TerminalFaults 49
3.3.1 Introduction 49
3.3.2 Three-PhaseCurrentInterruption 51
3.3.2.1 Three-PhaseInterruptioninNon-EarthedSystems 51
3.3.2.2 Three-PhaseCurrentInterruptioninotherthan
Non-EarthedSystems 53
3.4 Transformer-LimitedFaults 58
3.4.1 TransformerModellingforTRVCalculation 59
3.4.2 ExternalCapacitances 61
3.5 Reactor-LimitedFaults 62
3.6 FaultsonOverheadLines 64
3.6.1 Short-LineFaults 64
3.6.1.1 Travelling-WaveConcept 64
3.6.1.2 InitialTRV 68
3.6.1.3 TimeDelay 69
3.6.1.4 ImpactofShort-LineFaultsonCircuit-Breakers 70
3.6.1.5 InteractionbetweenCircuit-BreakerandCircuit 75
3.6.1.6 Arc-CircuitInteractioninGasCircuit-Breakers 75
3.6.1.7 Arc-CircuitInteractioninVacuumCircuit-Breakers 79
3.6.2 Long-LineFaults 81
3.7 Out-of-PhaseSwitching 81
3.7.1 Introduction 81
3.7.2 SwitchingbetweenGeneratorandSystem 83
3.7.3 SwitchingbetweenTwoSystems 85
3.8 Fault-CurrentMaking 86
3.8.1 ImpactofMakingaShort-CircuitCurrentontheCircuit-Breaker 86
3.8.2 Switching-VoltageTransientsatMakinginThree-PhaseSystems 88
References 93
4 LoadSwitching 96
4.1 Normal-LoadSwitching 96
4.2 Capacitive-LoadSwitching 97
4.2.1 Introduction 97
4.2.2 Single-PhaseCapacitive-LoadSwitching 98
4.2.3 Three-PhaseCapacitive-LoadSwitching 104
4.2.4 LateBreakdownPhenomena 104
4.2.4.1 General 104
4.2.4.2 TransientsInitiatedbyLateBreakdown 106
4.2.4.3 OvervoltagesRelatedtoNSDD 110
4.2.5 Overhead-LineSwitching 114
4.2.6 Capacitor-BankEnergization 118
4.2.6.1 Introduction 118
4.2.6.2 ImpactonCircuit-Breakers 121