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Surgery, Anesthesia, Imaging,
and Experimental Techniques
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Surgery, Anesthesia, Imaging,
and Experimental Techniques
M. Michael Swindle
Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, USA
Alison C. Smith
Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, USA
Boca Raton London New York
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To my family, Paula, Katelyn, Ashley, Matt, Doug, and Seth
Contents
Preface...............................................................................................................................................ix
Editors ...............................................................................................................................................xi
Contributors ...................................................................................................................................xiii
Chapter 1 Biology, Handling, Husbandry, and Anatomy .............................................................1
Mary Ann McCrackin and M. Michael Swindle
Chapter 2 Anesthesia, Analgesia, and Perioperative Care .........................................................39
M. Michael Swindle and Joseph J. Sistino
Chapter 3 Wound Closure and Integument .................................................................................89
M. Michael Swindle
Chapter 4 Gastrointestinal Procedures .....................................................................................105
Mary Ann McCrackin and M. Michael Swindle
Chapter 5 Liver and Biliary System ..........................................................................................135
M. Michael Swindle
Chapter 6 Pancreas and Spleen .................................................................................................155
M. Michael Swindle
Chapter 7 Urinary System and Adrenal Glands .......................................................................171
M. Michael Swindle
Chapter 8 The Reproductive System .........................................................................................191
M. Michael Swindle
Chapter 9 Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery/Chronic Intravascular Catheterization .........213
Daniel D. Myers Jr., Jose Antonio Diaz, Marisa L. Conte,
and M. Michael Swindle
Chapter 10 Head and Neck Surgery/Central Nervous System ...................................................283
M. Michael Swindle
Chapter 11 Musculoskeletal System and Orthopedic Procedures ..............................................317
Jan H. Duedal Rölfing and M. Michael Swindle
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viii Contents
Chapter 12 Cardiovascular Catheterization, Electrophysiology, and Imaging
Laboratory Procedures .............................................................................................337
Daniel D. Myers Jr., Patrick Lester, Marisa L. Conte, and M. Michael Swindle
Chapter 13 Endoscopy and Minimally Invasive Surgery ...........................................................383
M. Michael Swindle and Katherine A. Morgan
Chapter 14 Xenotransplantation and Transgenic Technologies ..................................................405
Raimon Duran-Struuck and Bram V. Lutton
Chapter 15 Toxicology ................................................................................................................419
Kristi L. Helke
Chapter 16 Radiobiology ............................................................................................................443
M. Michael Swindle
Chapter 17 Imaging Techniques with CT, MRI, PET, and SPECT ............................................447
Aage Kristian Olsen Alstrup, Anne M. Landau, Michael Winterdahl,
Dora Zeidler, Svend Borup Jensen, Ole Lajord Munk, and Jens
Christian H. Sørensen
Chapter 18 Ossabaw Island Miniature Swine: Metabolic Syndrome
and Cardiovascular Assessment ...............................................................................451
Michael Sturek, Johnathan D. Tune, and Mouhamad Alloosh
Chapter 19 Swine in Cancer Research ........................................................................................465
Jennifer Duncan, Peggy T. Tinkey, and Rajesh K. Uthamanthil
Chapter 20 Necropsy on Research Swine ...................................................................................489
Kristi L. Helke
Chapter 21 Use of Swine in Biomedical Research .....................................................................523
Niels-Christian Ganderup
Appendix .......................................................................................................................................539
Index ..............................................................................................................................................579
Preface
This book is an expanded and updated version of Surgery, Anesthesia, and Experimental Techniques
in Swine, 2nd edition, which was published in 2007. Over the years, I have kept a file of questions
and communications concerning the use of swine as animal models that arose from readers of that
publication. We also hold annual training classes for swine users, which have involved discussion
and demonstration of many models and surgical techniques that have not yet been published in
another format. Answers to all of the questions I have been asked from these sources are included
in this edition. The purpose of the book is to provide a practical technical guide for the use of swine
in biomedical research. The primary target audience is investigators, veterinarians, and technicians
using swine for experimental procedures. Alison C. Smith, DVM, has been added to the cover since
she provided valuable editorial comments. This new edition will become part of the series of text-
books sponsored by the American College of Laboratory Medicine (ACLAM), and all royalties will
be donated to the ACLAM Foundation which funds research projects.
Predominantly this book provides information on models produced by surgical or other invasive
procedures. There is a presumption that physicians and scientists will have at least a rudimentary
knowledge of the fundamental principles of surgery. It is impossible to fully describe all the models
that can be developed in this species; however, there should be enough detail to provide basic prin-
ciples of performing experiments with an organ or system of interest.
There are new chapters on toxicology, transgenics, cancer, necropsy techniques, and an overview
of porcine models that were not included in the previous edition. The number of tables of normal
values has been greatly expanded both in the chapters and in the appendix. Rajesh K. Uthamanthil,
DVM, PhD, from the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center and Ramon Duran-Struuck, DVM, PhD,
led the efforts to submit two new chapters. Michael Sturek, PhD, and colleagues from Indiana
University have updated a chapter with information on the unique Ossabaw pig along with scan-
ning images that are included on the DVD. Niels Christian-Ganderup, MS, of Amplexa Genetics in
Denmark submitted a new chapter providing an overview of the use of swine in research.
Dr. Guy Bouchard, Derek Brocksmith, and Andrew Henning from Sinclair Research Center
supplied much of the information for Yucatan, Hanford, and Sinclair minipigs as well as important
collaboration in developing the DVD. The staff of Ellegaard Göttingen Minipigs in Denmark were
very helpful in supplying me with the information on their minipig. Anatomical and physiological
details have also been expanded. Much of this information has never been published in any other
format. The sections on anesthesia and perioperative care have been updated substantially. In par-
ticular, I have attempted to provide practical information concerning postoperative care for the more
complex models. The issues concerning anesthesia and perioperative care have been the primary
source of questions I have received over the years.
The DVD attached to this book is greatly expanded. New in this edition are normal data on farm
and minipig breeds, a colored atlas of histology, videos on training swine, videos on surgical pro-
cedures, intubation, and a file of short articles on various research and technical procedures. I owe
a great deal of gratitude to my colleagues from the PET Center and Aarhus University Hospitals
in Aarhus, Denmark, for this contribution. The imaging effort was led by Aage Kristian Olsen
Alstrup, DVM, PhD, and his colleagues. Jan Duedal Rölfing, MD, PhD, from Aarhus collaborated
with information on the orthopedic chapter. I would also like to express my appreciation to Frederik
Dagnaes-Hansen, DVM, PhD, and Birgitte Koushholt, DVM, PhD, for continuing to invite me to
participate in their training activities in Aarhus. This continued collaboration has been very helpful
to me.
Most of this book was written by me as a sole author; however, I received input from my fellow
faculty members at the Medical University of South Carolina. In particular, Katherine Morgan,
MD, from the Department of Surgery added a great deal of detail in the section on endoscopy.
ix
x Preface
Joseph Sistino, PhD, collaborated with information on cardiopulmonary bypass. Other faculty
and staff members in the Department of Comparative Medicine were also helpful to me in this
endeavor, with advice and editorial comments. Kris Helke, DVM, PhD, contributed histological
images of normal tissues and two chapters, Mary Ann McCrackin, DVM, PhD, also contributed to
two chapters. Other colleagues have supplied me with photos from their work, and they are credited
in the photo captions they supplied. Technical staff from the Surgical Research Lab were respon-
sible for producing many of the videos on the DVD concerning training and perioperative care. I
thank Roxanna Swagel, Erica Hussey, Clayton Craft, Tyrique Brown, and Jennifer Hendrick. Dr.
McCrackin and Marissa Wolfe, DVM, also helped with the effort to produce the videos.
My primary interest in publishing this textbook is to decrease the learning curve associated with
using swine as models. The default terminology and names of structures are based upon veteri-
nary terminology rather than human, which may initially cause some confusion with some, but the
meaning should be clear. It is hoped that my ideas and suggestions will contribute to the appropriate
and humane use of swine in biomedical research.
M. Michael Swindle
