Table Of ContentSwimming Physiology of Fish
Arjan P. Palstra Josep V. Planas
•
Editors
Swimming
Physiology of Fish
Towards Using Exercise to Farm a
Fit Fish in Sustainable Aquaculture
123
Editors
ArjanP. Palstra Josep V.Planas
The InstituteforMarine Resources Department of Physiologyand
and EcosystemStudies Immunology,
Wageningen Universityand School ofBiology
Research Centre Universityof Barcelona
Yerseke Barcelona
The Netherlands Spain
ISBN 978-3-642-31048-5 ISBN 978-3-642-31049-2 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-31049-2
SpringerHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2012944974
(cid:2)Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2013
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Preface
Swimmingisanessentialcharacteristicoffishbehaviorthatisintimatelylinkedto
the fish’s ability to develop, survive, grow, and successfully reproduce in the
natural environment. In the fascinating case of anadromous or catadromous
semelparous fish species (salmon and eel, respectively), swimming is an absolute
requirement for migration from the spawning grounds to the feeding habitats as
well as for reproductive migration, when swimming is pivotal in the initiation of
sexual maturation and successful return to the spawning grounds in order to
complete their life cycle. Many other species offish rely on swimming as well as
forthesuccessfulcompletionofoneormorestagesintheirlifecycle.Today,wild
fish populations are faced with growing environmental challenges in the form of
changing water temperatures and quality as well as in the size and accessibility
of aquatic environments. These challenges impinge constraints on the physiology
ofwildfish,includingswimmingperformance,and,consequently,fitness.Farmed
fish are obviously exposed to some of the same environmental and man-caused
challengesaswildfish.However,duetothefactthatcurrentfarmingconditionsdo
notallowfarmedfishtofullydisplaytheirnormalswimmingbehavior,farmedfish
cannot experience the physiological benefits that swimming entitles their wild
counterparts.
Overthelastfewyears,importantadvancesinourunderstandingofanumberof
crucialaspectsrelatedtoswimminginfishhavetakenplace,rangingbroadlyfrom
a better understanding of swimming during migratory behaviors to investigating
themolecularresponseofskeletalmuscle,theenginedrivingswimminginfish,to
swimming-induced contractile activity. This knowledge and its application to
fisheries science and aquaculture is already proving instrumental to address
important issues related to global environmental changes, high fishing pressures,
increased aquaculture production, and increased concern on fish well-being. All
these issues are important as well for setting directions for policy decisions and
future studies in this area. However, since the seminal work of John Videler
entitled‘‘FishSwimming’’publishedin1993bySpringer,nootherattempts have
been made to update and synthesize current knowledge on Fish Swimming.
Therefore, the Editors of this book realized the need and the potential
v
vi Preface
multidisciplinaryinterestforacomprehensive,modern,andintegrativeperspective
ontheSwimmingPhysiologyofFishandsetouttofulfillthisobjective.Inspiration
for the present effort originated as a result of the first International Workshop on
the Swimming Physiology of Fish (FITFISH; www.ub.edu/fitfish2010/) held in
Barcelona,SpainonJuly2and3,2010andorganizedbytheEditorsofthisbook.
This was the first attempt to bring together a group of scientists working on Fish
Swimming from a number of different perspectives and it was immediately
followedbyaSymposiumentitled‘‘SwimmingPhysiologyofFish’’aspartofthe
9th International Congress on the Biology of Fish, also held in Barcelona on July
5–9, 2010. This book is unique in bringing together a multidisciplinary group of
scientists using exercise models to review their work and view on migration of
fishes in their natural environment, beneficial effects of exercise, and applications
for sustainable aquaculture. Moreover, it establishes zebrafish as a novel exercise
modelandpresentsnoveltechnologiesforstudyingfishswimmingandaquaculture
applications. In addition, this book describes research strongly suggesting that
exercise could represent a natural, non-invasive and economical approach to
improvegrowth,fleshqualityaswellaswelfareofaquaculturedfish.Thescientific
contentofthisbookencouragestheindustrytowardusingexerciseforfarmingafit
fish in sustainable aquaculture: A fit fish for a healthy consumer.
The editors would like to thank all the invited contributors for the quality of
their contributions and, importantly, for their dedication and time invested in this
book.Allchaptersinthisbookhavebeenpeer-reviewedandtheeditorswouldlike
to thank the reviewers for their efforts in providing constructive criticism to the
authors. During the preparation of this book, J. V. Planas would like to
acknowledge research support from grants from the Ministerio de Ciencia e
Innovación, Spain (AGL2010-08754-E, CSD2007-0002 and AGL2009-07006 to
J. V.P). A.P. Palstra was supported by aMarie Curie Intra-European Fellowship
(REPRO-SWIM) with Grant Agreement number 219971 during his tenure at the
Universitat de Barcelona, Spain, and by a Marie Curie Reintegration Grant
(SWIMFIT) with Grant Agreement number 303500 from the European Commis-
sion. Specific support for making this book possible was provided by the Aqua-
Optima project (number BO-12.04-001-028) funded by the Dutch Ministry of
Economic Affairs, Agriculture, and Innovation. Finally, the Editors would like to
thank Springer for providing the opportunity to publish this book.
Dr. Arjan P. Palstra
Dr. Josep V. Planas
Contents
Part I Extreme Swimming in the Natural Environment
1 Salmonid Reproductive Migration and Effects
on Sexual Maturation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Kazufumi Hayashida, Kosuke Fukaya, Arjan P. Palstra
and Hiroshi Ueda
2 Extreme Swimming: The Oceanic Migrations of Anguillids . . . . . 19
David Righton, Kim Aarestrup, Don Jellyman, Phillipe Sébert,
Guido van den Thillart and Katsumi Tsukamoto
3 Physiology of Swimming and Migration in Tunas . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Robert E. Shadwick, Laurenne L. Schiller and Douglas S. Fudge
Part II Potential Impacts on Swimming Fish in Aquaculture
4 Forced and Preferred Swimming Speeds of Fish:
A Methodological Approach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Christian Tudorache, Gudrun de Boeck and Guy Claireaux
5 Effects of Turbulence on Fish Swimming in Aquaculture. . . . . . . 109
James C. Liao and Aline Cotel
6 The Effect of Hypoxia on Fish Swimming Performance
and Behaviour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
P. Domenici, N. A. Herbert, C. Lefrançois, J. F. Steffensen
and D. J. McKenzie
vii
viii Contents
7 Exercise, Stress and Welfare. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Felicity Huntingford and Sunil Kadri
Part III Nutrition, Energy Metabolism and Muscle
Growth in Swimming Fish
8 Swimming-Enhanced Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
W. Davison and N. A. Herbert
9 Metabolic Fuel Utilization During Swimming: Optimizing
Nutritional Requirements for Enhanced Performance . . . . . . . . . 203
L. J. Magnoni, O. Felip, J. Blasco and J. V. Planas
10 Transcriptomic and Proteomic Response of Skeletal
Muscle to Swimming-Induced Exercise in Fish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Josep V. Planas, Miguel Martín-Pérez, Leonardo J. Magnoni,
Josefina Blasco, Antoni Ibarz, Jaume Fernandez-Borras
and Arjan P. Palstra
11 Molecular Adaptive Mechanisms in the Cardiac Muscle
of Exercised Fish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
Harald Takle and Vicente Castro
12 Exercise Effects on Fish Quality and Implications
for Consumer Preferences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
Richard Skøtt Rasmussen, Octavio López-Albors and Frode Alfnes
13 Swimming Effects on Developing Zebrafish. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
Sander Kranenbarg and Bernd Pelster
14 Exercise Physiology of Zebrafish: Swimming Effects
on Skeletal and Cardiac Muscle Growth, on the Immune System,
and the Involvement of the Stress Axis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
A. P. Palstra, M. Schaaf and J. V. Planas
Part IV Novel Technologies for Studying Fish Swimming
and Aquaculture Applications
15 Swimming Flumes as a Tool for Studying Swimming
Behavior and Physiology: Current Applications
and Future Developments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
David J. Ellerby and Jannik Herskin
Contents ix
16 Practical Aspects of Induced Exercise in Finfish Aquaculture . . . 377
N. A. Herbert
17 Robotic Fish to Lead the School . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
C. Rossi, W. Coral and A. Barrientos
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423
Part I
Extreme Swimming in the Natural
Environment
Chapter 1
Salmonid Reproductive Migration
and Effects on Sexual Maturation
Kazufumi Hayashida, Kosuke Fukaya, Arjan P. Palstra
and Hiroshi Ueda
Abstract Salmon has amazing abilities to migrate long distances from the ocean
to their natal streams for reproduction. Reproductive homing migration was
investigated by two different research approaches from behavioural biology to
endocrinologyusingchumsalmoninthenorthPacificOceanaswellastwoland-
locked salmon species. These species are lacustrine sockeye and masu salmon in
Lake ToyaandLake Shikotsu, Hokkaido,Japanwherethelakes serveasamodel
‘‘ocean’’. Physiological biotelemetry techniques were applied to examine the
homingbehavioursofadultchumsalmonfromtheBeringSeatoHokkaidoaswell
aslacustrinesockeyeandmasusalmoninLakeToya,andrevealedthatsalmoncan
navigate in open water using different sensory systems. The hormone profiles in
WageningenAquacultureisaconsortiumofInstituteforMarineResourcesandEcosystem
Studies(IMARES)andAquacultureandFisheriesGroup(AFI,WageningenUniversity),both
partofWageningenUniversityandResearchCentre(WUR).
K.Hayashida(cid:2)K.Fukaya(cid:2)H.Ueda
DivisionofBiosphereScience,GraduateSchoolofEnvironmentalScience,
HokkaidoUniversity,Sapporo,Hokkaido060-0810,Japan
K.Hayashida
WatershedEnvironmentalEngineeringResearchTeam,CivilEngineeringResearchInstitute
forColdRegion,Sapporo,Hokkaido062-8602,Japan
A.P.Palstra
InstituteforMarineResourcesandEcosystemStudies(IMARES),Wageningen
Aquaculture,WageningenUniversityandResearchCenter,Korringaweg5,
4401Yerseke,NT,TheNetherlands
H.Ueda(&)
LaboratoryofAquaticBioresourcesandEcosystem,SectionofEcosystemConservation,
FieldScienceCenterforNorthernBiosphere,HokkaidoUniversity,Sapporo,
Hokkaido060-0809,Japan
e-mail:[email protected]
A.P.PalstraandJ.V.Planas(eds.),SwimmingPhysiologyofFish, 3
DOI:10.1007/978-3-642-31049-2_1,(cid:2)Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2013
