Table Of ContentGreen Energy and Technology
Jacqueline A. Stagner
David S.-K. Ting Editors
Sustaining
Resources for
Tomorrow
Green Energy and Technology
Climate change, environmental impact and the limited natural resources urge
scientific research and novel technical solutions. The monograph series Green
Energy and Technology serves as a publishing platform for scientific and
technological approaches to “green”—i.e. environmentally friendly and sustain-
able—technologies. While a focus lies on energy and power supply, it also covers
“green” solutions in industrial engineering and engineering design. Green Energy
and Technology addresses researchers, advanced students, technical consultants as
well as decision makers in industries and politics. Hence, the level of presentation
spans from instructional to highly technical.
**Indexed in Scopus**.
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8059
Jacqueline A. Stagner David S.-K. Ting
(cid:129)
Editors
Sustaining Resources
for Tomorrow
123
Editors
Jacqueline A.Stagner DavidS.-K. Ting
Turbulence andEnergy Lab Turbulence andEnergy Lab
University of Windsor University of Windsor
Windsor, ON,Canada Windsor, ON,Canada
ISSN 1865-3529 ISSN 1865-3537 (electronic)
Green Energy andTechnology
ISBN978-3-030-27675-1 ISBN978-3-030-27676-8 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27676-8
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To those who strive to preserve resources for
the next generations.
Preface
RalphMarstonrightlyputit,“Whatyoudotodaycanimproveallyourtomorrows.”
Thetimetomakesuretherearelife-supportingresourcesfortomorrowistoday.If
tomorrowisthedayaftertoday,thenrenewablealonewillnotmakeit,andthus,the
opening question chapter (“Energy, Renewables Alone?”) by Reader, Energy,
Renewable Alone? Water is definitely one key resource for sustaining tomorrow’s
generations. Its use, along with energy utilization, provide an indicator more than
just economic development. Expósito et al. apply the southern Spain context in
chapter “Exploring EKCs in Urban Water and Energy Use Patterns and Its
Interconnections: A Case Study in Southern Spain” to capitalize on water and
energy usage data to forge policies to ensure sustainable management of these
resources beyond today. The scarce life- and/or plant-sustaining phosphate—is an
indispensable resource. To mitigate the rapidly diminishing phosphate, Mukherjee
etal.detailwaystorecoverthisvitalingredientfromphosphate-richwastewaterin
chapter “Mining Phosphate from Wastewater: Treatment and Reuse”. For vege-
tarians and omnivores alike, sustainable living literally equals sustainable agricul-
ture. In chapter “Toward Sustainable Agriculture: Net-Houses Instead of
Greenhouses for Saving Energy and Water in Arid Regions,” Abdel-Ghany and
Al-Helal explicate the advantages of net-houses instead of greenhouses. In arid
regions,thistransitionimpliesseriouswaterandenergysavings.Nofoodmeansno
future. Thus, sustainable food for thought is disseminated in chapter “Sustainable
Food for Thought” by Ting and Stagner. Moving toward a more plant-based diet
entailsbothahealthierandmoresustainabletomorrow.Ascountriesdevelop,their
populations spend more time indoors. As such, green buildings are the way for-
ward. Sua et al. disclose a multi-criteria assessment methodology to properly
deduce the optimum natural insulation option in chapter “Tomorrow’s Green
Buildings: Optimum Natural Insulation Material Modeling”. Other than the
building’s insulation, the entire building must be accurately evaluated for its
environmental impacts over its lifetime, as detailed by Hoxha in chapter
“Improving the Uncertainties of Building’s Lifetime in the Evaluation of
Environmental Impacts”. Sustainable buildings must be complemented by sus-
tainable living. It is impossible to use a couple of sentences to describe the
vii
viii Preface
philosophicalchapter,SustainableLiving?BiodigitalFuture!byEstévez;therefore,
chapter“SustainableLiving?BiodigitalFuture!”iscompletelyleftforthereaderto
savor.Everybeingneedsenergytothrive.Toensureenergysecurityfortomorrow,
Gökgöz and Güvercin emphasize the need to invest in renewable energy, solar,
geothermal and ocean technologies, in particular, in chapter “Energy Security and
Efficiency Analysis of Renewable Technologies”. Large wind is by and large
mature, not so for small wind. A timely review of challenges and opportunities of
small wind is spelled out by Vilar et al. in chapter “Small Wind: A Review of
Challenges and Opportunities”. Energy storage is a given, especially as more
intermittentrenewableistoberealized.Abbateetal.providethestate-of-the-artof
supercapacitorsforhighpowerstorage.Withtheinterplayofevervariedsystems,it
is necessary to “smarten” the grid. Nikolaidis and Poullikkas enlighten us on
Sustainable Services to Enhance Flexibility in The Upcoming Smart Grids in
chapter “Supercapacitor for Future Energy Storage”. As hinted by the opening
chapter by Reader, we still need fossil fuels into tomorrow. The associated chal-
lenges must thus be continuously and hastenedly mitigated. This book ends with
Carbon Storage and Utilization as A Local Response to Use Fossil Fuels in A
Sustainable Manner by Llamas et al. “Even if I knew that tomorrow the world
would go to pieces, I would still plant my apple tree.”—Martin Luther King, Jr.
Windsor, Canada Jacqueline A. Stagner
David S.-K. Ting
Acknowledgements Thisbookcouldnotberealizedwithouttheimmerseeffortandcontribution
fromthemanyconscientiousexpertauthors.Thequalityofthesechapterscouldnotbeattained
withoutthemanytirelessanonymousreviewers.TheeditorsareindebtedtotheamazingSpringer
Natureteam,AnthonyDoyleandChandraSekaranArjunan,inparticular.
Contents
“Energy, Renewables Alone?” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Graham T. Reader
Exploring EKCs in Urban Water and Energy Use Patterns
and Its Interconnections: A Case Study in Southern Spain . . . . . . . . . . 47
AlfonsoExpósito,MaríadelP.Pablo-RomeroandAntonioSánchez-Braza
Mining Phosphate from Wastewater: Treatment and Reuse . . . . . . . . . 67
D. Mukherjee, R. Ray and N. Biswas
Toward Sustainable Agriculture: Net-Houses Instead of Greenhouses
for Saving Energy and Water in Arid Regions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Ahmed M. Abdel-Ghany and Ibrahim M. Al-Helal
Sustainable Food for Thought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Tachelle Z.-T. Ting and Jacqueline A. Stagner
Tomorrow’s Green Buildings: Optimum Natural Insulation
Material Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Lutfu S. Sua, Figen Balo and Ukbe Ucar
Improving the Uncertainties of Building’s Lifetime in the Evaluation
of Environmental Impacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Endrit Hoxha
Sustainable Living? Biodigital Future!. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Alberto T. Estévez
Energy Security and Efficiency Analysis of Renewable
Technologies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Fazıl Gökgöz and Mustafa Taylan Güvercin
Small Wind: A Review of Challenges and Opportunities . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Alberto Álvarez Vilar, George Xydis and Evanthia A. Nanaki
ix
x Contents
Supercapacitor for Future Energy Storage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Giancarlo Abbate, Eugenio Saraceno and Achille Damasco
Sustainable Services to Enhance Flexibility in the Upcoming
Smart Grids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
Pavlos Nikolaidis and Andreas Poullikkas
Carbon Storage and Utilization as a Local Response to Use Fossil
Fuels in a Sustainable Manner. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
Bernardo Llamas, Marcelo F. Ortega, María J. García and Pedro Mora
