Sustainable Water Engineering: Theory and Practice

431 Pages·2014·7.362 MB·English

by  Ramesha Chandrappa, Diganta B. Das

Sustainable Water
Engineering
Theauthorsdedicatethebookto
theirfamiliesandcolleagues
Sustainable Water
Engineering
Theory and Practice
Ramesha Chandrappa
Diganta B. Das
Thiseditionfirstpublished2014
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Chandrappa,Ramesha.
Sustainableandwaterengineering:theoryandpractice/RameshaChandrappa,DigantaB.Das.
pagescm
Includesindex.
ISBN978-1-118-54104-3(cloth)
1.Waterquality. 2.Water–Purification. 3.Water-supply–Management. 4.Hydraulicengineering.
I.Das,D.B.(DigantaBhusan),1974–II.Title.
TD370.C4842014
628.1028′6–dc23 2013050546
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
ISBN:9781118541043
Setin10/12ptTimesbyAptaraInc.,NewDelhi,India.
1 2014
Contents
Preface xi
Abbreviations xiii
Glossary xvii
1 WaterCrisis 1
1.1 WaterResourceIssues 6
1.1.1 WaterFootprint 8
1.2 ClimateChangeandItsInfluenceonGlobalWaterResources 9
1.3 ProtectionandEnhancementofNaturalWatershedandAquifer
Environments 12
1.4 WaterEngineeringforSustainableCoastalandOffshore
Environments 12
1.5 EndangeringWorldPeaceandSecurity 13
1.6 AwarenessamongDecisionMakersandthePublicacrosstheWorld 15
1.7 CriteriaforSustainableWaterManagement 16
1.8 WaterScarcityandMillenniumDevelopmentGoals 18
1.9 LackofAccesstoCleanDrinkingWaterandSanitation 19
1.10 FragmentationofWaterManagement 20
1.11 EconomicsandFinancialAspects 22
1.11.1 WaterTreatmentandDistribution 24
1.11.2 WastewaterTreatment,CollectionandDisposal 27
1.12 LegalAspects 28
References 30
2 RequirementsfortheSustainabilityofWaterSystems 35
2.1 HistoryofWaterDistributionandWastewaterCollection 38
2.2 IntegratedWaterManagement 40
2.3 SewerageTreatmentandUrbanPollutionManagement 44
2.4 ConventionalWaterSupply 45
2.4.1 Features 49
2.4.2 CapacityandPressureRequirements 50
2.4.3 DesignandHydraulicAnalysisofDistributionSystem 52
2.4.4 UnsustainableCharacteristics 55
2.4.5 SustainableApproach 64
2.5 ConventionalWastewaterCollectionSystems 71
2.5.1 Features 71
vi Contents
2.5.2 UnsustainableCharacteristics 77
2.5.3 SustainableApproach 79
References 80
3 WaterQualityIssues 83
3.1 Water-RelatedDiseases 84
3.1.1 TransmissionVectors 85
3.1.2 FieldTestingandMonitoring 85
3.1.3 Village-LevelMonitoring 89
3.2 SelectionOptionsforWaterSupplySource 89
3.2.1 SpringCapping 91
3.2.2 SimpleTubeWells 93
3.2.3 HandPumps 95
3.2.4 RainwaterHarvesting 95
3.2.5 FogandDewHarvesting 98
3.2.6 SnowHarvesting 99
3.3 On-SiteSanitation 99
3.3.1 Latrines 99
3.3.2 SepticTanks 103
3.3.3 AquaPrivies 103
3.3.4 OxidationPondTreatmentSystems 103
3.3.5 StormDrainage 105
3.4 WaterQualityCharacteristicsofPotableDrinkingWaterand
WastewaterEffluents 110
3.4.1 PhysicalParameters 110
3.4.2 ChemicalParameters 113
3.4.3 SolidsinWater 127
3.4.4 BiologicalParameters 139
3.5 StandardsandConsents 147
3.5.1 PotableWaterStandards 147
3.5.2 WastewaterEffluentStandards 148
3.6 KineticsofBiochemicalOxygenDemand 149
3.7 WaterManagementforWildlifeConservation 149
3.8 Water-QualityDeterioration 152
References 153
4 FundamentalsofTreatmentandProcessDesign,andSustainability 163
4.1 HistoryofWaterandWastewaterTreatmentRegulatoryIssuesacross
theWorld 164
4.1.1 Low-TechversusHi-Tech 165
4.1.2 LowCostversusHighCost 167
4.2 DesignPrinciplesforSustainableTreatmentSystems 168
4.2.1 LowCarbon 168
4.2.2 LowEnergy 168
4.2.3 LowChemicalUse 172
4.2.4 ModellingofTreatmentProcessestoAttainSustainability 172
4.2.5 Operation,Management,Financial,Socio-EconomicAspect 173
Contents vii
4.3 PreliminaryandPrimaryTreatment 174
4.3.1 Screening 174
4.3.2 Coarse-SolidReduction 174
4.3.3 GreaseRemovalChamber 174
4.3.4 FlowEqualization 177
4.3.5 MixingandFlocculation 177
4.3.6 Sedimentation 180
4.3.7 Flotation 183
4.4 SecondaryTreatment 185
4.4.1 BiologicalTreatment 185
4.4.2 Vermifiltration 202
4.4.3 ChemicalTreatment 202
4.5 TertiaryTreatment 203
4.5.1 Filtration 203
4.5.2 ActivatedCarbonTreatment 205
4.5.3 IonExchange 206
4.5.4 ForwardandReverseOsmosis,MembraneFiltration,
MembraneBioreactor,MembraneDistillation,andElectro
Dialysis 206
4.5.5 AirStripping 207
4.5.6 DisinfectionandFluoridation 209
4.5.7 RemovalofSpecificConstituents 211
4.6 EmergingTechnologies 211
4.6.1 NanotechnologyappliedforWaterPurification 212
4.6.2 Photocatalysis 212
4.6.3 Evaporation 214
4.6.4 Incineration 214
4.6.5 Sono-Photo-FentonProcess 214
4.7 ResidualManagement 215
4.7.1 Thickening 216
4.7.2 Drying 216
4.7.3 Stabilization 216
4.7.4 Digestion 217
4.7.5 Composting 217
4.7.6 Dewatering 218
4.7.7 Incineration 218
4.7.8 RemediationofContaminantsinSubsurface 219
4.8 PortableWaterPurificationKit 220
4.9 RequirementsofElectrical,InstrumentationandMechanicalEquipment
inWaterandWastewaterTreatmenttoAchieveSustainability 220
4.9.1 ElectricalEquipmentandEnergyRequirement 221
4.9.2 PipingandInstrumentation 223
4.9.3 MechanicalEquipmentRequirementsandRelatedIssues 224
4.9.4 SystemsandOperationalIssues 224
4.9.5 Real-TimeControl 225
4.9.6 IndicatorsofSustainablePerformance;SystemsApproachfor
SustainabilityAssessmentofWaterInfrastructure 225
viii Contents
4.9.7 Troubleshooting 226
4.9.8 OperationalChecksfortheSTP 228
4.9.9 Design,ConstructionandEngineeringChecksfortheWWTP 228
4.9.10 OdourManagement 228
References 232
5 SustainableIndustrialWaterUseandWastewaterTreatment 237
5.1 SustainablePrinciplesinIndustrialWaterUseandWastewaterTreatment 237
5.1.1 IndustrieswithHighDissolvedSolids 240
5.1.2 Industries/ActivitieswithHighInorganicContent 242
5.2 IndustrieswithLowDissolvedSolids 282
5.2.1 IndustrieswithLowAmountsofInorganicMaterials 282
5.2.2 IndustriesDealingwithLowDissolvedOrganicMaterial 284
References 292
6 SustainableEffluentDisposal 297
6.1 DissolvedOxygenSagCurves,MassBalanceCalculationsand
BasicRiverModels 299
6.2 DisposalOptionsandImpactonEnvironment 302
6.2.1 OceanDisposal 304
6.2.2 DisposalintoFreshWaterBodies 306
6.2.3 On-LandDisposal 308
6.3 SustainableReuseOptionsandPractice 310
6.3.1 ToiletFlushing 317
6.3.2 FloorWashing 317
6.3.3 SustainableWastewaterIrrigation 317
6.3.4 NonpotableIndustrialUse 320
References 326
7 SustainableConstructionofWaterStructures 331
7.1 SustainableConstruction–Principles 333
7.1.1 GreenBuilding 337
7.1.2 CementlessConstruction 339
7.1.3 ChoosingEco-FriendlyConstructionMaterial 340
7.1.4 EnergySavingduringConstruction 341
7.1.5 PrecautionstobeTakenduringConstructiontosaveEnergy
duringOperations 343
7.2 IntakeStructures 343
7.3 TreatmentPlants 344
7.4 WaterStorageandDistributionSystems 344
7.5 WastewaterCollectionandDisposalSystem 348
References 350
8 SafetyIssuesinSustainableWaterManagement 353
8.1 Health,SafetyandSustainability 356
8.2 SafetyofConsumerversusOperator 359
Contents ix
8.3 SafetyofPeopleandAnimalsotherthanConsumersandOperators 370
8.4 SafetyIssuesduringConstruction 377
8.4.1 ElectricalProtectiveDevices 380
8.5 ChemicalHandlingandStorage 380
8.5.1 Chlorine 382
8.5.2 Herbicides/Pesticides 383
8.6 SafetyduringWater/WastewaterTreatmentPlantOperation 383
8.6.1 Work-PermitSystem 398
8.7 DisasterManagement 398
References 400
Index 405
Preface
Havingspenttwodecadesworkinginsustainabledevelopmentwefeelthatitisnotabedof
roses.Problemsintheformofcorruption,illiteracy,datainadequacy,skilldeficienciesand
theinactionofgovernmentsarekeepingmanypeopleawayfromadequatequalitywater.
Manybookshavebeenwrittenonwaterengineeringbuttheoriespublishedfourdecades
back often cannot be used today because the quantity and quality of the water that is
availablehaschangedandsohastheworld’spopulationanditswaysofliving.Similarly
the large dams built in the past have not proven to be environmentally friendly and have
causedconflictsinmanycases.Conservingfloraandfaunahasbecomemoreimportantall
overtheworldandeatingmeatwilljustleavealargewaterfootprint.
Sustainability does not happen overnight and needs investment in terms of money,
honesty,knowledge,informationandtime.Therehavebeensubstantialexamplesalloverthe
worldwherethesustainableuseofwaterhasbeenpractised,settinganexampleforothers.
This book is a package of theory and practice concerning sustainable and unsustainable
water use picked from different parts of the world. Unlike books that only elaborate on
theoreticalknowledgeorsimplycriticize,thisbookmakesanefforttogobeyondtheories
andtoexplainthepracticalworldweareexposedto.Allisnotwellallovertheworldbut
atthesametimenotalliswrong.Thephotographsinthebookshowboththeinteresttaken
insomepartsoftheworldandthenegligenceinotherparts.
WewouldliketothankDrVamanAcharya,D.R.KumaraswamyandS.NandaKumar
ofKarnatakaStatePollution ControlBoard,Bangalore,India,fortheirencouragementin
ourendeavour.
We would also like to thank S. Madhusudhan, Anil Kumar, Amar Yeshwanth, of Kar-
natakaStatePollution ControlBoardandR.Savyasachi,K.Rahitha,N.Kamalammaand
S.Rekhafortheirhelptowardsthecompletionofbook.WethanktheBritishCouncil,the
SwedishInternationalAgencyandtheSwissDevelopmentCooperationfortheirfinancial
aidextendedtothefirstauthorduringhiscareer.Theauthorsareextremelygratefultothe
CentreforScienceandEnvironment,Delhi,IndiaandtheSwedishEnvironmentalAgency,
Stockholm, for arranging extensive international training to the first author in Sweden,
whichwashelpfulandgaveanopportunitytotakethephotographspresentedinthisbook.
WethankJohnWileypublishersfortheirfaithinusandforinvestingtimeandresources.
Wehaveworkedhardtomeettheexpectationofthepublishersandreadersandlookforward
toanyfeedback.