Sustainable Water and Sanitation Services: The Life-Cycle Cost Approach to Planning and Management

369 Pages·2014·4.57 MB·English

Sustainable Water and
Sanitation Services
Based on the work of the WASHCost project run by the IRC International
Water and Sanitation Centre, this book provides an evaluation of the water,
sanitation and hygiene (WASH) sectors in the context of developing countries
and is the fi rst systematic study of applying the life-cycle cost approach to
assessing allocations. It presents unit cost estimates of the WASH sector across
geographic locations and technologies, including rural and peri-urban areas,
and these are compared with service levels. It analyses detailed data from more
than 5000 households across nine agro-climatic zones in Andhra Pradesh State
in India. Key issues assessed include poverty analysis of service levels, cost
drivers and factors at the village and household level, and governance aspects
such as transparency, accountability and value for money in relation to unit
costs and service levels.
This is the most comprehensive study of the WASH sector in India and
elsewhere that utilises the life-cycle cost approach, along with GIS, econometric
modelling and qualitative research methods. Not only does it contribute to
research and methodology in this area, but the analysis also provides valuable
insights for planners, policy-makers and bilateral donors. The authors show
how the methodology can also be applied in other developing country contexts.
Livelihoods and Natural Resources Management Institute (LNRMI) is
an independent institution based in Hyderabad, India, aiming at conducting
high-quality research and consultancy in the area of human livelihoods and
natural resource management.
IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre (IRC), The Hague,
Netherlands, seeks to bridge the knowledge gap and joint learning with
partners for improved, low-cost water supply, sanitation and hygiene in
developing countries.
The Centre for Economic and Social Studies (CESS), Hyderabad, India,
conducts interdisciplinary research in analytical and applied areas of social
sciences, encompassing socio-economic and other aspects of development.
Watershed Support Services and Activities Network (WASSAN) in
Secunderabad, India, works towards bringing about a qualitative change in the
watershed based development programs in India.
Earthscan Studies in Water Resource Management
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Edited by M. Dinesh Kumar, M.V.K. Sivamohan and Nitin Bassi
Governing International Watercourses
River Basin Organizations and the Sustainable
Governance of Internationally Shared Rivers and Lakes
By Susanne Schmeier
Transferable Groundwater Rights
Integrating Hydrogeology, Law and Economics
By Andreas N. Charalambous
Contemporary Water Governance in the Global South
Scarcity, Marketization and Participation
Edited by Leila Harris, Jacqueline Goldin and Christopher Sneddon
Water Governance, Policy and Knowledge Transfer
International Studies on Contextual Water Management
Edited by Cheryl de Boer, Joanne Vinke-de Kruijf, Gül Özerol and
Hans Th. A. Bressers
Water as a Catalyst for Peace
Transboundary Water Management and Confl ict Resolution
By Ahmed Abukhater
Sustainable Water and Sanitation Services
The Life-Cycle Cost Approach to Planning and Management
By Livelihoods & Natural Resource Management Institute, IRC International Water
& Sanitation Centre , Centre for Economic and Social Studies, Watershed Support
Services & Activities Network
For more information and to view forthcoming titles in this series, please visit the
Routledge website: http://www.routledge.com/books/series/ECWRM/
Sustainable Water and
Sanitation Services
The Life-Cycle Cost Approach to Planning
and Management
Livelihoods and Natural Resources
Management Institute, IRC
International Water and Sanitation
Centre, Centre for Economic and
Social Studies and Watershed Support
Services and Activities Network
Routledge
Taylor &. Francis Group
LONDON AND NEW YORK Lrwni IR C ^ ^ WA^N
First published 2013
by Routledge
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and by Routledge
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Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2013 Livelihoods and Natural Resources Management Institute
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or
utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now
known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in
any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing
from the publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or
registered trademarks, and are used only for identifi cation and explanation
without intent to infringe.
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Sustainable water and sanitation services : the life-cycle approach to
planning and management / Livelihoods and Natural Resources
Management Institute, IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre,
Centre for Economic and Social Studies, and Watershed Support Services
and Activities Network.
pages cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Water-supply—India—Planning. 2. Water-supply—
India—Management. 3. Water-supply, Rural—India.
4. Water resources development—India. 5. Sanitation—
India—Planning. 6. Sanitation—India—Management.
7. Sustainable development—India. 8. India—Rural
conditions. I. Reddy, V . Ratna. II. Fonseca, Catarina.
III. Batchelor, C. H. (Charles H.) IV. Livelihoods and Natural
Resources Management Institute (India) V. International
Water and Sanitation Centre. VI. Centre for Economic
and Social Studies, Hyderabad. VII. Watershed Support
Services and Activities Network (Secunderabad, India)
TD303.A1S875 2013
363.6'10684—dc23 2013011862
ISBN: 978-0-415-82818-5 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-0-415-82819-2 (ebk)
Typeset in Bembo
by Keystroke, Station Road, Codsall, Wolverhampton
Contents
List of plates vii
List of fi gures ix
List of tables xiii
List of boxes xvii
List of Appendices xix
List of contributors xxi
List of abbreviations xxiii
Foreword xxxi
Foreword xxxv
Preface xxxvii
1 Introduction 1
V. RATNA REDDY, CATARINA FONSECA AND CHARLES BATCHELOR
2 WASH Sector in India: The Policy Context 22
V. KURIAN BABY AND V. RATNA REDDY
3 Life-Cycle Cost Approach: An Analytical Framework
for the WASH Sector 38
V. RATNA REDDY, CATARINA FONSECA AND CHARLES BATCHELOR
4 Unit Costs and Service Levels by Region and Technology 47
V. RATNA REDDY, M. VENKATASWAMY AND M. SNEHALATHA
5 Explaining Inter-Village Variations in Drinking Water
Provision: Factors Infl uencing Costs and Service Levels
in Rural Andhra Pradesh 82
V. RATNA REDDY
6 Rural Sanitation and Hygiene: Economic and
Institutional Aspects of Sustainable Services 110
V. RATNA REDDY
vi Contents
7 Nirmal Gram Puraskar and Sanitation Service Levels:
The Curse of Slippage 136
M. SNEHALATHA, V. ANITHA RAJ, P. BUSENNA AND M. VENKATASWAMY
8 Cost of Provision and Managing WASH Services in
Peri-Urban Areas 158
G. ALIVELU, V. RATNA REDDY, P. BUSENNA AND V. ANITHA RAJ
9 Skewed and Inequitable Access to Rural Water
Supply and Sanitation Services 192
M. SNEHALATHA AND JAMES BATCHELOR
10 How can Water Security be Improved in Water-scarce
Areas of Rural India? 218
CHARLES BATCHELOR, JAMES BATCHELOR AND M. SNEHALATHA
11 Assessing Progress towards Sustainable Service Delivery
in India: Lessons for Rural Water Supply 236
A. J. JAMES
12 Transparency, Accountability and Participation (TAP):
Understanding Governance in Rural WASH Sector 256
M.V. RAMA CHANDRUDU, SAFA FANAIAN AND R. SUBRAMANYAM NAIDU
13 Decentralis ed Governance and Sustainable Service
Delivery: The Case of Nenmeni Rural Water Supply
Scheme, Kerala, India 277
P. K. KURIAN, V. KURIAN BABY AND TERRY THOMAS
14 Sustainable WASH Service Delivery: Policy
Options and Imperatives 295
V. RATNA REDDY, CATARINA FONSECA AND CHARLES BATCHELOR
Notes 306
Index 310
Plates
Plates 1 and 2 can be found between pages 56 and 57
1 LCCA system boundaries for WASH supplies
2 Location map of habitations taken up under WASHCost
(India) Project
Plates 3–21 can be found between pages 216 and 217
3 Venkatapuram’s societal layout and boundaries
4 Venkatapuram’s water supply infrastructure in 1980
5 Venkatapuram’s water supply infrastructure in 2004
6 Venkatapuram’s water supply infrastructure in 2010
7 Summer per capita water use
8 Fluoride levels in Venkatapuram’s water-supply sources
9 Users’ views of water services delivery (summer 2010)
10 U sers’ views of water services delivery (non-summer 2010)
11 H ousehold toilet availability and use
12 B uffer zones (width of 150m)
13 L ocation and land/use cover in Ungaranigundla
revenue village
14 T ime series maps showing construction of wells in
Ungaranigundla revenue village
15 D istribution and status of water harvesting structures in
Ungaranigundla revenue village
16 V illage water purifi cation plant
17 W omen being passive listeners in WASH meeting
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Figures
1.1 A ttaining MDGs in sanitation and drinking water in India 2
1.2 P resence of contaminants in habitations across India 3
1.3 I nvestments in water and sanitation in India over the
Plan periods 6
1.4 S hare of WASH sector in the Plan outlays 7
1.5 S tatus of coverage of drinking water in rural areas across
States in India 8
1.6 C overage and slippage in drinking water and sanitation in
rural India 9
1.7 S tatus of sanitation coverage of various types of sanitation
(rural and urban) across States in India 11
1.8 T rends in access to toilets in India 12
1.9 T ypes of drinking water sources used by households in India 12
1.10 T ypes of latrines used by households in India 13
4.1 C ost of Provision across agro-climatic zones 52
4.2 F ixed costs per capita per year with normative and observed
life spans 53
4.3 R ecurrent costs across zones 55
4.4 C omposition of unit costs for normative and observed life
spans in Andhra Pradesh 56
4.5 C omposition of unit costs of observed life span across
agro-climatic zones 57
4.6 H ousehold investment in water infrastructure 58
4.7 H ousehold expenditure on recurring costs 59
4.8 S ervice levels (basic and above) and unit costs across zones 60
4. 9 Capital (cumulative) expenditure per capita across
technologies 62
4.10 T echnologies: Fixed costs per capita per year with
normative and observed life spans 63
4.11 A verage cost of provision 64
4.12 T echnology-wise share (percent) of unit costs (fi xed +
recurring) for normative life span 65