Sustainable Shipping in a Changing Arctic

474 Pages·2018·12.34 MB·English

by  Lawrence P. Hildebrand

WMU Studies in Maritime Aff airs 7
Lawrence P. Hildebrand 
Lawson W. Brigham · Tafsir M. Johansson
Editors
Sustainable
Shipping in
a Changing
Arctic
WMU Studies in Maritime Affairs
Volume 7
Serieseditors
MaximoQ.Mejia,Jr.
AykutI.Ölçer
Jens-UweSchröder-Hinrichs
Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/11556
(cid:129) (cid:129)
Lawrence P. Hildebrand Lawson W. Brigham
Tafsir M. Johansson
Editors
Sustainable Shipping in a
Changing Arctic
Editors
LawrenceP.Hildebrand LawsonW.Brigham
WorldMaritimeUniversity InternationalArcticResearchCenter
Malmö,Sweden UniversityofAlaskaFairbanks
Fairbanks,AK,USA
TafsirM.Johansson
WordMaritimeUniversity
Malmö,Sweden
ISSN2196-8772 ISSN2196-8780 (electronic)
WMUStudiesinMaritimeAffairs
ISBN978-3-319-78424-3 ISBN978-3-319-78425-0 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78425-0
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2018944449
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Foreword
As the President of the World Maritime University (WMU), it is my pleasure to
introducetheseventhvolumeoftheWMUStudiesinMaritimeAffairsbookseries
publishedbySpringer,titledSustainableShippinginaChangingArctic.Thisseries
was launched in 2013 to encourage academics and practitioners from all areas of
specialization across the field of maritime affairs to contribute to the expansion of
knowledgethroughpublicationsofthehighestqualityandmarketrelevance.Previ-
ousbooksintheseriesincludeFarthingonInternationalShipping(2013),Piracyat
Sea (2013), Maritime Women: Global Leadership (2015), Shipping Operations
Management (2017), Corporate Social Responsibility in the Maritime Industry
(2018),andTrendsandChallengesinMaritimeEnergyManagement(2018).
Withthisbookseries,theWMUaimstofurtherdevelopcapacityandexpertisein
maritime education and training; maritime law and policy; maritime safety and
environmentaladministration;portmanagement,shippingmanagement,andlogistics;
maritime energy management; and ocean sustainability, governance, and manage-
ment.ThebookseriesalsoservesasaplatformforpromotingandadvancingtheUN
2030AgendaforSustainableDevelopmentandthemarine-relatedSustainableDevel-
opment Goals, particularly Goal 14 on oceans as well as the interconnected Goals
4(qualityeducation),5(genderequality),7(affordableandcleanenergy),9(industry,
innovation,andinfrastructure),13(climateaction),and17(partnerships).
WMU is a postgraduate maritime university established in 1983 by the Interna-
tionalMaritimeOrganization(IMO),aspecializedagencyoftheUnitedNations.It
aims to further enhance the objectives and goals of IMO and IMO member states
around the world. The fundamental objective of the University is to provide the
international maritime community, and in particular developing countries, with a
centre for advanced maritime and ocean education, research, scholarship, and
capacitybuildingandaneffectivemeansforthesharingandtransferoftechnology
from developed to developing maritime countries, with a view to promoting the
achievement, globally, of the highest practicable standards in matters concerning
maritimesafetyandsecurity,efficiencyofinternationalshipping,thepreventionand
controlofmarinepollution,includingairpollutionfromships,andothermarineand
v
vi Foreword
related ocean issues. We also facilitate the harmonization, uniform interpretations,
andeffectiveimplementationofmaritimeConventionsandrelatedinstruments.
Thisbookgivesparticularemphasistoonesuchrecentinstrument,theIMOPolar
CodeforshipsoperatinginArcticandAntarcticwaters.ThePolarCodecameinto
force on 1 January 2017. It marks a historic milestone in the work of the IMO by
specifically addressing the importance of protection of the polar environments and
going above and beyond those of existing IMO Conventions such as MARPOL,
SOLAS,andSTCW.
WMUisalsoaplatformforknowledgegeneration,exchange,anddissemination,
through seminars, workshops, and major conferences. Indeed, the genesis of this
book was a successful conference, co-convened by WMU, IMO, and the Arctic
Council’sProtectionoftheArcticMarineEnvironment(PAME)WorkingGroupin
Malmö,Sweden,inAugust2015,titledSafeandSustainableShippinginaChang-
ing Arctic Environment (ShipArc2015). This conference brought together leading
figures in Arctic climate change, polar shipping, maritime law, environmental
protection,andArcticmarinepolicy.
SustainableShippinginaChangingArcticcomesasaresponsetoaprofoundly
changing Arctic marine environment with expanding marine use. It aspires to
become a one-stop read for all interested parties from both the maritime business
sector and academia. The chapters are written by world renowned academics and
practitioners,allexpertsintheirsubjectarea.Thebookcoversbroadareasthatfocus
on safe and sustainable shipping in a changing Arctic, a highly relevant topic that
requiresintegrativeknowledgeandtechnicalexpertisespanningvariousdisciplines.
Thiseditedvolumeaddressesafundamentalgapinthecontemporaryliteratureon
the maritimeArctic.Itoffersa vital reference guide for Arcticand non-Arctic states
andthosewithaninterestintheArctic,includingtheregulatorycommunity,govern-
ments, the shipping industry, natural resources industries, and nongovernmental
organizations. This volume will also serve as a teaching supplement in academic
andprofessionalmaritimeprogrammes.
IinviteyoutoreadthisbookandIamconfidentthatyouwillfinditrelevantand
responsivetoyourneedstoknowmoreaboutthenewmaritimeArctic.
WorldMaritimeUniversity,Malmö CleopatraDoumbia-Henry
Sweden
Contents
IntroductiontotheNewMaritimeArctic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
LawsonW.BrighamandLawrenceP.Hildebrand
PartI ThePolarCodeandBeyond
TheInternationalCodeforShipsOperatinginPolarWaters
(PolarCode). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
HeikeDeggim
ArcticMaritimeSafety:TheHumanElementSeenfromtheCaptain’s
Table. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
JohannaSalokannel,HarriRuoslahti,andJuhaKnuuttila
BeyondthePolarCode:IMOMeasuresforAssuringSafeand
EnvironmentallySoundArcticNavigation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
J.AshleyRoach
PartII ArcticShipMonitoring/Tracking
ArcticEnvironmentPreservationThroughGroundingAvoidance. . . . . 75
R.GlennWrightandMichaelBaldauf
FromSensingtoSense-Making:AssessingandVisualizingShip
OperationalLimitationsintheCanadianArcticUsingOpen-Access
IceData. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
MarkA.Stoddard,LaurentEtienne,RonaldPelot,MelanieFournier,
andLeahBeveridge
VesselTrackingUsingAutomaticIdentificationSystemDatainthe
Arctic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
TorkildEriksenandØysteinOlsen
vii
viii Contents
DetectionandTrackingofShipsintheCanadianArctic. . . . . . . . . . . . 137
StevenHorn
KnowledgeDiscoveryofHumanActivitiesatSeaintheArcticUsing
RemoteSensingandVesselTrackingSystems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
MicheleVespe,HarmGreidanus,CarlosSantamaria,andThomasBarbas
PartIII ArcticGovernance
ThePlaceofJointDevelopmentintheSustainableGovernanceofthe
Arctic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
BubaBojang
ArcticStrategiesoftheEUandNon-ArcticStates:IdentifyingSome
CommonElements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
HenningJessen
LegalRegimeofMarineInsuranceinArcticShipping:Safetyand
EnvironmentalImplications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
ProshantoK.MukherjeeandHuiruLiu
ArcticHighSeasGovernanceofBiodiversity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
TorstenThiele
TheLegalStatusoftheNorthwestPassage:Canada’sJurisdictionor
InternationalLawinLightofRecentDevelopmentsinArcticShipping
Regulation?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
SaiedSatei
PartIV ProtectionandResponseintheArcticMarineEnvironment
ArcticOilSpillIntervention:InSearchofanIntegratedApproachfor
theHighSeas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
NeilBellefontaineandTafsirM.Johansson
ArcticVesselTrafficandIndigenousCommunitiesintheBeringStrait
RegionofAlaska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
JulieRaymond-Yakoubian
ChallengesfortheEstablishmentofMarineProtectedAreasinResponse
toArcticMarineOperationsandShipping. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
MillicentMcCreathandLawsonW.Brigham
PartV TrainingandCapacityBuilding
TheEffectsTowardMaritimeHigher-EducationinChinaAfterthe
EntryintoForceofthePolarCode. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
HaiboXieandXiaoriGao
Contents ix
ContinuingtoImproveOilSpillResponseintheArctic:AJoint
IndustryProgramme. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
JosephV.Mullin
EmergencyManagementinMaritimeMassRescueOperations:
TheCaseoftheHighArctic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
NataliaAndreassen,OddJarlBorch,SvetlanaKuznetsova,
andSergeyMarkov
MaritimeTransportintheArcticAftertheIntroductionofthePolar
Code:ADiscussionoftheNewTrainingNeeds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
DimitriosDalaklisandEviBaxevani
PartVI SustainableArcticBusinessDevelopment
TheOffshoreOilandGasOperationsinIceInfestedWater:Resource
ConfigurationandOperationalProcessManagement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
OddJarlBorchandNorvaldKjerstad
PartVII Conclusion
NavigatingtheFuture:TowardsSustainableArcticMarineOperations
andShippinginaChangingArctic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
LawrenceP.HildebrandandLawsonW.Brigham
AgreementonEnhancingInternationalArcticScientificCooperation..... 437
ArcticMarineShippingAssessmentRecommendations. . . . . . . . . . . . . 447
AgreementonCooperationonMarineOilPollutionPreparednessand
ResponseintheArctic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451
AgreementofCooperationonAeronauticalandMaritimeSearchand
RescueintheArctic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461
DeclarationConcerningthePreventionofUnregulatedHighSeasFishing
intheCentralArcticOcean.................................... 475
TheIlulissatDeclarationArcticOceanConferenceIlulissat,Greenland,
27–29May2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479
GuidelinesforShipsOperatinginPolarWaters(2010Edition),
InternationalMaritimeOrganization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481
MeetingonHighSeasFisheriesintheCentralArcticOcean,Reykjavik,
Iceland,15–18March2017. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485