Table Of ContentEnvironmental Science and Technology M
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Sustainable Practices in Geoenvironmental Engineering klin
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In the seven years since the publication of the first edition of Sustainable Practices in n
in Geoenvironmental
Geoenvironmental Engineering, the combination of population growth and increased
exploitation of renewable and non-renewable natural resources has added increased G
stresses on the quality and health of the geoenvironment. This is especially true when
Engineering
viewed in the context of the growing demand for food and shelter, energy and mineral e
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resources, and their resultant effects on the natural capital of the geoenvironment.
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Completely revised and updated, this second edition of a bestseller introduces and
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discusses the concept of “stressors” and their impacts on the geoenvironment.
Second Edition
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See What’s New in the Second Edition: ra
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• Clear definition of the geoenvironment n
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• New tools and remediation technologies, new management a
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methods for geohazards, and enhanced coverage of social b
and economic sustainability el
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• Innovative approaches and techniques for reaching
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geoenvironmental sustainability
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• More detail on treatment technologies, both in situ and ex situ la
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• Discussion on the mitigation of geodisasters c
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• Additional sections to discuss sustainability assessment protocols i
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• Updated information on models for prediction of contaminant behavior e
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The authors explore the technologies that take into account targets, exposure routes
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(if applicable), future land use, acceptable risks, legislation, and resultant emissions/ en
discharges in establishing the criteria and tools for evaluating technologies and protocols r
for environmental management of the impacted land. They then discuss how to choose i
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the correct ones to use in different situations to protect the quality and health of natural
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resource and capital of the geoenvironment and ensure that these geoenvironmental
natural resources and capital remain available for future generations and to develop
innovative and sustainable techniques to make land more stable and safer. ES
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Raymond N. Yong
K20386 ion
6000 Broken Sound Parkway, NW
Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487 ISBN: 978-1-4665-8846-2 nd
711 Third Avenue 90000
an informa business New York, NY 10017 Catherine N. Mulligan
2 Park Square, Milton Park
www.crcpress.com Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN, UK
9 781466 588462
Masaharu Fukue
w w w. c r c p r e s s . c o m
K20386 mech REV.indd 1 8/19/14 1:46 PM
Sustainable Practices
in Geoenvironmental
Engineering
Second Edition
Sustainable Practices
in Geoenvironmental
Engineering
Second Edition
Raymond N. Yong
Catherine N. Mulligan
Masaharu Fukue
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2015 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
No claim to original U.S. Government works
Version Date: 20140805
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Contents
Preface to the First Edition ........................................................................................................xvii
Preface to the Second Edition ....................................................................................................xxi
Authors .......................................................................................................................................xxiii
1. Geoenvironment Management and Sustainability .........................................................1
1.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................1
1.1.1 Impacts on the Geoenvironment ...................................................................2
1.1.2 Geoenvironment Impacts from Natural Events and Disasters .................3
1.1.3 Anthropogenic Forces and Impacts on Geoenvironment .........................3
1.2 Geoenvironment, Ecosystems, and Resources .........................................................4
1.2.1 Ecozones and Ecosystems ..............................................................................5
1.2.2 Natural Resources and Biodiversity in the Geoenvironment ...................6
1.3 Geoenvironment Sustainability ..................................................................................6
1.3.1 Geoenvironment as a Natural Resource Base .............................................7
1.3.2 Impacts on the Geoenvironment ...................................................................9
1.3.2.1 Impacts due to Population Growth ...............................................9
1.3.2.2 Impacts from Natural Resource Exploitation.............................11
1.3.3 Stressors and Sources ....................................................................................13
1.3.3.1 Natural Stressor Sources and Stressors ......................................15
1.3.3.2 Anthropogenic Stressor Sources and Stressors .........................15
1.4 Geoenvironment Impacts on Soil and Water Resources .......................................18
1.4.1 Impacts on Land Mass and Soil ...................................................................19
1.4.1.1 Soil Functionality and Indicators .................................................19
1.4.2 Impacts on Water and Water Resources .....................................................20
1.5 Sustainability ...............................................................................................................24
1.5.1 Renewable and Nonrenewable Geoenvironment Natural Resources ...25
1.5.2 4Rs and Beyond ..............................................................................................26
1.6 Concluding Remarks ..................................................................................................27
References ...............................................................................................................................29
2. Stressors and Soil Contamination ....................................................................................31
2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................31
2.2 Stressors and Impacts .................................................................................................31
2.2.1 Stressor Impacts on Soils ..............................................................................32
2.2.1.1 Hydraulic .........................................................................................32
2.2.1.2 Mechanical ......................................................................................33
2.2.1.3 Thermal............................................................................................33
2.2.1.4 Chemical ..........................................................................................34
2.2.1.5 Geochemical ....................................................................................34
2.2.1.6 Biologically Mediated ....................................................................34
2.2.2 Soil Contamination from Chemical Stressors ...........................................35
2.3 Contamination and Geoenvironmental Impacts ...................................................37
2.3.1 Reference Frame .............................................................................................38
2.3.2 Characterization of Geoenvironmental Impacts .......................................39
v
vi Contents
2.3.3 Identifying and Assessing for Impact on the Geoenvironment .............41
2.3.3.1 Stressor Sources ..............................................................................41
2.3.3.2 Nature of Impacts ...........................................................................41
2.3.4 Man-Made and Natural Combinations ......................................................43
2.4 Wastes, Contaminants, and Threats .........................................................................45
2.4.1 Inorganic Contaminants ...............................................................................46
2.4.1.1 Arsenic (As) .....................................................................................46
2.4.1.2 Cadmium (Cd) ................................................................................47
2.4.1.3 Chromium (Cr) ...............................................................................47
2.4.1.4 Copper (Cu) .....................................................................................48
2.4.1.5 Lead (Pb) ..........................................................................................48
2.4.1.6 Nickel (Ni) .......................................................................................49
2.4.1.7 Zinc (Zn) ..........................................................................................49
2.4.2 Organic Chemical Contaminants ................................................................50
2.4.2.1 Persistent Organic Chemical Pollutants ......................................52
2.5 Surface and Subsurface Soils .....................................................................................52
2.5.1 Soil as a Resource Material ...........................................................................52
2.5.2 Nature of Soils ................................................................................................53
2.5.3 Soil Composition ............................................................................................56
2.5.3.1 Primary Minerals ...........................................................................56
2.5.3.2 Secondary Minerals .......................................................................56
2.5.3.3 Soil Organic Matter ........................................................................56
2.5.3.4 Oxides and Hydrous Oxides ........................................................56
2.5.3.5 Carbonates and Sulfates ................................................................57
2.5.4 Soil Properties Pertinent to Contaminant Transport and Fate................57
2.5.4.1 Specific Surface Area and Cation Exchange Capacity ..............58
2.5.5 Surface Properties ..........................................................................................60
2.6 Contaminant Transport and Land Contamination ................................................61
2.6.1 Mechanisms of Interaction of Heavy Metal Contaminants in Soil ........61
2.6.2 Chemically Reactive Groups of Organic Chemical Contaminants ........63
2.6.3 Partitioning of Contaminants and Partition Coefficients ........................65
2.6.4 Predicting Contaminant Transport .............................................................67
2.7 Geoenvironmental Land Management....................................................................67
2.8 Concluding Remarks ..................................................................................................69
References ...............................................................................................................................70
3. Sustainable Water Management ........................................................................................73
3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................73
3.1.1 Geoenvironment Sustainable Water Management ...................................73
3.1.1.1 Water Availability and Quality ....................................................74
3.2 Uses of Water and Its Importance .............................................................................74
3.2.1 Hydrological Cycle ........................................................................................75
3.2.1.1 Human Interference on Infiltration and Runoff ........................76
3.2.2 Harvesting of Groundwater .........................................................................77
3.2.2.1 Excessive Groundwater Abstraction and Land Subsidence .....78
3.2.2.2 Uses of Water ..................................................................................78
3.3 Water Quality Characterization and Management ................................................79
3.3.1 Classes of Contaminants Characterizing Chemical Stressors ................79
3.3.2 Monitoring of Water Quality........................................................................83
Contents vii
3.3.2.1 Remote Sensing ..............................................................................86
3.3.2.2 Biomonitoring .................................................................................88
3.4 Sustainable Water Treatment and Management ....................................................89
3.4.1 Techniques for Soil and Groundwater Treatment .....................................90
3.4.1.1 Isolation and Containment ...........................................................90
3.4.1.2 Extraction Treatment Techniques ................................................91
3.4.1.3 Electrokinetic Applications ...........................................................93
3.4.1.4 Natural Attenuation .......................................................................93
3.4.1.5 Biostimulation .................................................................................95
3.4.1.6 Bioaugmentation ............................................................................95
3.4.1.7 Enhanced Natural Attenuation ....................................................96
3.4.1.8 In Situ Reactive Regions—Treatment Zones ..............................96
3.4.1.9 Permeable Reactive Barriers .........................................................97
3.4.1.10 Ex Situ Processes ............................................................................99
3.4.2 Groundwater and Water Management .....................................................101
3.4.2.1 Evaluation of the Sustainability of Remediation
Alternatives ...................................................................................102
3.5 Concluding Remarks ................................................................................................104
References .............................................................................................................................105
4. Industrial Ecology and the Geoenvironment ...............................................................109
4.1 Introduction ...............................................................................................................109
4.2 Concept of Industrial Ecology .................................................................................110
4.2.1 Geoenvironmental Life Cycle Assessment ..............................................110
4.2.2 Geoenvironment Impacts and Sustainability ..........................................112
4.3 Upstream, Midstream, and Downstream Industries ..........................................113
4.4 Mineral Mining and Processing Downstream Industries ..................................115
4.4.1 Metallurgical Industries .............................................................................115
4.4.1.1 Metal Fabrication and Processing ..............................................116
4.4.2 Nonmetal Mineral Resources Processing ................................................118
4.4.3 Land Environment Impacts and Sustainability Indicators ...................120
4.5 Agroprocessing Industries ......................................................................................122
4.5.1 Leather Tanning Industry ..........................................................................124
4.5.2 Pulp and Paper Industry.............................................................................125
4.5.3 Palm Oil Industries ......................................................................................126
4.5.4 Land Environment Impact and Sustainability Indicators .....................127
4.6 Petrochemical and Chemical Industries ................................................................127
4.6.1 Petrochemical Industries ............................................................................127
4.6.2 Chemical Industries ....................................................................................128
4.6.2.1 Stressors and Impacts on Geoenvironment .............................129
4.6.3 Land Environment Impacts and Sustainability Indicators ...................129
4.7 Service Industries ......................................................................................................129
4.7.1 Hospital Wastes and the Geoenvironment ..............................................130
4.8 Energy Production and the Geoenvironment ......................................................130
4.8.1 Fossil Fuel Energy Production ...................................................................130
4.8.1.1 Geoenvironment Stressors ..........................................................131
4.8.2 Nuclear Energy ............................................................................................131
4.8.3 Alternative Energy Sources and the Geoenvironment ..........................133
4.9 Contaminating Discharges and Wastes.................................................................133
viii Contents
4.9.1 Physicochemical Properties and Processes ..............................................135
4.9.1.1 Solubility ........................................................................................135
4.9.1.2 Partition Coefficients ...................................................................135
4.9.1.3 Vapor Pressure ..............................................................................136
4.10 Concluding Remarks ................................................................................................136
References .............................................................................................................................138
5. Natural Resources Extraction: Stressors and Impact Management .........................139
5.1 Introduction ...............................................................................................................139
5.2 Stressors and Impacts ...............................................................................................140
5.2.1 Mining-Related Activities ...........................................................................140
5.2.2 Biohydrometallurgical Processes ..............................................................141
5.2.3 Underground In Situ Hydrocarbon Extraction .......................................144
5.2.4 Sulfide Minerals and Acidic Leachates ....................................................145
5.2.4.1 Acid Mine Drainage .....................................................................145
5.2.4.2 Arsenic Release .............................................................................147
5.2.5 Sustainability and Resource Exploitation ................................................148
5.3 Resource Extraction and Stressor Impacts ............................................................149
5.3.1 Mining-Related Industries ..........................................................................150
5.3.1.1 Pit Mining ......................................................................................150
5.3.1.2 Discharges from Beneficiation and Processing:
Stressor Sources ............................................................................150
5.3.1.3 Solid Waste Materials and Stressors ..........................................152
5.3.1.4 Liquid Waste Streams, Discharge, and Stressors ....................154
5.3.2 Underground In Situ Hydrocarbon Extraction .......................................155
5.3.2.1 Fluid Usage and Stressors ...........................................................155
5.4 Tailings Discharges ...................................................................................................156
5.4.1 Containment of Tailings .............................................................................156
5.4.2 Nature of Contained Slurry Tailings ........................................................160
5.5 Geoenvironment Impacts and Management ........................................................162
5.5.1 Geoenvironmental Inventory and Land Use ...........................................162
5.5.2 Acid Mine Drainage Impact Mitigation ...................................................164
5.5.2.1 Acid Mine Drainage Management ............................................165
5.5.2.2 Wetlands ........................................................................................166
5.5.2.3 Biosorption ....................................................................................167
5.5.3 Slurry Tailings Ponds Impact Management ............................................168
5.6 Concluding Remarks ................................................................................................172
5.6.1 Mining Activities .........................................................................................172
5.6.2 Contaminated Water Management ...........................................................172
5.6.3 Tailings Discharge and Mine Closure ......................................................173
References .............................................................................................................................173
6. Agricultural-Based Food Production Geoenvironment Stressors ...........................177
6.1 Introduction ...............................................................................................................177
6.1.1 Food Production ...........................................................................................177
6.1.2 Geoenvironment Engineering: Sustainable Issues .................................178
6.2 Land Use for Food Production ................................................................................179
6.3 Stressor Impacts on Water and Soil ........................................................................181
6.3.1 Water Utilization ..........................................................................................181
