Sustainable Power Systems: Modelling, Simulation and Analysis

186 Pages·2017·3.93 MB·English

by  Nava Raj Karki

Reliable and Sustainable Electric Power
and Energy Systems Management
Nava Raj Karki
Rajesh Karki
Ajit Kumar Verma
Jaeseok Choi E ditors
Sustainable
Power
Systems
Modelling, Simulation and Analysis
Reliable and Sustainable Electric Power
and Energy Systems Management
Series editors
Ajit Kumar Verma, Stord, Norway
Rajesh Karki, Saskatoon, Canada
Jaeseok Choi, Jinju, GN, South Korea
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/10855
Nava Raj Karki Rajesh Karki
(cid:129)
Ajit Kumar Verma Jaeseok Choi
(cid:129)
Editors
Sustainable Power Systems
Modelling, Simulation and Analysis
123
Editors
Nava RajKarki Ajit KumarVerma
Tribhuvan University Stord/Haugesund University College
Kathmandu Stord
Nepal Norway
RajeshKarki JaeseokChoi
University of Saskatchewan GyeongsangNational University
Saskatoon, SK Jinju, Gyeongsangnam-do
Canada SouthKorea
ISSN 2510-2524 ISSN 2510-2532 (electronic)
Reliable andSustainable Electric Power andEnergySystems Management
ISBN978-981-10-2229-6 ISBN978-981-10-2230-2 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-2230-2
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2016947778
©SpringerScience+BusinessMediaSingapore2017
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Contents
1 Reliability Assessment of Power Grid Supporting
Sustainable Transportation..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 1
Xue Wang and Rajesh Karki
2 Hybrid AC/DC Micro-Grids: Solution for High
Efficient Future Power Systems . .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 23
Peng Wang, Jianfang Xiao, Chi Jin, Xiaoqing Han and Wenping Qin
3 Low Voltage Ride Through of Wind Energy Systems ... ..... .... 41
Tarafdar Hagh Mehrdad and Kashem Mohammad Muttaqi
4 Reliability Evaluation of Distribution System
with Network Reconfiguration and Distributed Generations... .... 61
P. Pavani and S.N. Singh
5 Tracing the Unreliability and Recognizing the Weak
Parts of a Power System.. ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 89
Kaigui Xie
6 Sustainable Energy Optimization in a Smart Microgrid . ..... .... 111
Ryan Jansen and Rajesh Karki
7 Renewable Energy Generation System Expansion Planning ... .... 133
Jaeseok Choi
8 Microhydro-Based Mini grid for Sustainable Development
of Rural Communities: A Case Study of Nepal. .... .... ..... .... 151
Netra Pd. Gyawali
v
About the Editors
Nava Raj Karki obtained his M.Sc. (Hons) in Electrical Engineering from
Belarussian National Technical University, Minsk in 1995 and Ph.D. in Electrical
Engineering from Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay in 2011. He joined
Department of Electrical Engineering, Institute of Engineering, Tribhuvan
University in 1995 and is currently an Associate Professor and Head of the
department. He is actively involved in IEEE activities and is the founding Vice
Chair of IEEE Nepal Subsection. Dr. Nava Raj Karki is very active in promoting
Academia-Industry collaboration at the Institute of Engineering and various mul-
tilateral initiatives like Erasmus Mundus Programme. He has published several
papers on power system planning, reliability, distributed generation, and restruc-
turing,andalsopublishedabook‘ElectricalEngineeringMaterials’(AlphaScience
International Ltd., 2007).
RajeshKarki obtainedhisB.E.degreeinelectricalengineeringfromtheRegional
Engineering College (since renamed National Institute of Technology), Durgapur,
West Bengal, India in 1991, and M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical power
engineering in 1997 and 2000, respectively, from the University of Saskatchewan,
Canada. He worked for academic institutions and different industries in Nepal
between1991and1995,andforGEIndustrialSystems,Peterborough,ON,Canada
during 2000–2002. He joined the University of Saskatchewan, Canada as an
AssistantProfessorin2002,wherehecurrentlyworksasaProfessor.During2005–
2012, he chaired the Power Systems Research Group at the University of
Saskatchewan. He has served in various capacities in conferences and workshops,
givenlecturesinCanadaandhaspublishedover80papersinreputedinternational
journalsandpeerreviewedconferences.Dr.Karkihascompletedseveralconsulting
projects on system planning and reliability for Canadian electric utilities. He is a
Senior Member of the IEEE, and a Professional Engineer in the Province of
Saskatchewan, Canada. His research interests include power system reliability and
planning, and reliability modeling and analysis of renewable energy systems.
vii
viii AbouttheEditors
Ajit Kumar Verma obtained his B.Tech. (Electrical Engineering) and Ph.D.
(Reliability Engineering) from Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India in
1984 and 1988 respectively. He joined Indian Institute of Technology Bombay in
1988 where he holds the position of Professor of Electrical Engineering. He is
currently working as a Professor of Technical Safety at University College
Stord/Haugesund, Norway. He has supervised/co-supervised 28 doctoral and 88
masters thesis in the area of Software Reliability, Reliable Computing, Power
Systems Reliability (PSR), Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM), and
Probabilistic Safety/Risk Assessment (PSA). He has over 195 publications in
variousjournals and conferences.HeisaseniormemberofIEEEanda lifefellow
of IETE. He is the Editor-in-Chief of the International Journal of Systems
AssuranceEngineeringandManagement(IJSAEM)publishedbySpringer,aswell
as a member of the Advisory Committee for the journal OPSEARCH also pub-
lished by Springer.He hasserved asa GuestEditor of many international journals
includingIEEETransactionsonReliabilityfortheMarch 2010issue.Hehasbeen
the Conference Chairman of various international conferences and symposia.
Jaeseok Choi is a Professor at Gyeongsang National University, Korea and has
beenteachingattheuniversitysince1991.HedidhismastersandobtainedhisPh.
D. from Korea University in 1984 and 1990, respectively. He completed his
postdoctoral research at University of Saskatchewan, Canada in 1996. He has
publishedmanypapersinreputedinternationaljournalsandconferenceproceeding,
and undertaken many projects funded by the Korean Electric Power Corporation.
His research interests include fuzzy applications, probabilistic production cost
simulation,reliabilityevaluationandoutagecostassessmentofpowersystems,and
developmentofflexiblemethodsforpowersystem.Hisrecentresearchisspecially
focusedondevelopmentandextensionofmethodologyatloadpointsofComposite
Power Systems.
Introduction
Theimportanceofelectricalpowerandenergyinmodernsocietyiswellestablished
anditisimpossibletocreateamodernsocietywithoutexistenceofnotonlyreliable
but sustainable power and energy systems. The continued development of systems
that are both reliable and sustainable has been the main focus of power system
engineers as well as advocates of sustainable development. The challenges and
difficulties faced by large-scale power generation and transmission systems are
encouraging the development planners to explore and expedite the inclusion of
more power supply options regarded as reliable as well as sustainable. There is
growing global environmental concern regarding increasing emissions from the
electric power generation required to meet rising energy needs and support sus-
tainable and inclusive development. As a result, the integration of renewable
sources in electric grids has helped increase the penetration of electricity in many
developingandleastdevelopedcountries,andhelpedreduceemissionsinadvanced
countries. The advancement of electric vehicles has achieved significant growth in
recentyearsandhasthepotentialofchangingtheplanningandoperatingparadigm
of the power system. The increasing uncertainty associated with planning and
operating modern power systems creates significant challenges to maintaining the
systemefficiency,energysecurity,andreliability.Modernizingpowersystemswith
theapplicationofsmartgridtechnologiesisperceivedtobeavaluableapproachto
achieve reliability and efficiency with environmental compliance and also help
improve energy independence and security. The appropriate use of distributed
energyresourcesinconjunctionwithstate-of-arttechnologyisanimportantassetin
mitigating these problems, and requires considerable study and research. This
volumeintendstobringouttheworkofresearchersfromacademiaandindustryin
understanding, modeling, and analysis of the risks associated with implementing
sustainableenergytechnologyinpowersystems.Thetopicsinthisvolumeinclude
the Reliability Assessment of Power Grid Supporting Sustainable Transportation,
Hybrid AC/DC Micro-Grids: Solution for High Efficient Future Power Systems,
Low Voltage Ride Through of Wind Energy Systems, Reliability Evaluation of
Distribution System with Network Reconfiguration and Distributed Generations,
Tracing the Unreliability and Recognizing the Weak Parts of a Power System,
ix
x Introduction
Sustainable Energy Optimization in a Smart Microgrid, Renewable Energy
Generation System Expansion Planning, Microhydro Based Mini Grid for
Sustainable Development of Rural Communities: A Case Study of Nepal.
Chapter 1 titled “Reliability Assessment of Power Grid Supporting Sustainable
Transportation” presents analytical models to evaluate the reliability of a power
systemwithPHEVpenetrationconsideringtheimportantPHEVcharacteristicsand
charging scenarios. The parameters of the PHEV-30 and the transportation data
fromNHTS2009wereusedtocreatetherelevantmodelstoobtaintheloadmodel
ofaPHEV.AMCSmethodwasappliedtocombineindividualPHEVmodelsand
buildtheoverallmodelofPHEVfleet.TheimpactofPHEVpenetrationinapower
system was assessed by using the IEEE-RTS as a test system. Different PHEV
penetrations and charging scenarios were examined to analyze the results. The
results show that the system reliability degrades with PHEV penetration increases,
and the negative impact is increased with fast charging which requires a higher
powerdemandforashorterduration.Thenegativereliabilityimpactscan,however,
be mitigated by shifting and controlling the charging time, which is the area of
ongoing research.
Chapter2titled“HybridAC/DCMicro-Grids:SolutionforHighEfficientFuture
PowerSystems”presentsanewconfigurationforfuturepowersystemswhichisthe
hybridAC/DCgirdforhighefficientconnectionoftheinherentACandDCsources
andloads.ThreephaseACpowersystemshavebeenindominantpositionforover
hundred years due to invention of transformer and the inherent characteristic from
fossilenergydrivenrotatingmachines.However,thegradualchangesofloadtypes
and distributed renewable generation (DRG) in AC local distribution systems
providefoodforconsiderationofaddingDCnetworks.Renewablesourcessuchas
fuel cells and solar photovoltaics are DC inherent and should be connected to AC
gridthroughDC/AC conversiontechniques,whereassomeACinherentrenewable
sources like wind generators also need DC links in their conversion systems to
increase efficiency and mitigate power variation caused by intermittency and
uncertainty. The disadvantage of AC grids for connection of DC inherent sources
and loads as well as AC loads with DC links is that additional DC/AC or AC/DC
converters are required, which may result in efficiency loss from the reverse con-
version. In the other hand DC grids are resurging due to the development and
deployment of renewable DC power sources and their inherent advantage for DC
loads in commercial, industrial, and residential applications. The number of power
conversions in a DC microgrid has been significantly reduced to enhance system
energy efficiency. A more likely scenario is the coexistence of both AC and DC
microgrids, which is so-called the hybrid AC/DC microgrid in order to reduce
processesofmultiplereverseconversionsinanindividualACorDCmicrogridand
facilitate the connection of various renewable AC/DC sources and loads to power
system.Thereforetheconceptofhybridmicrogrids,whichcanharmonizebothAC
and DC sources and loads, has been proposed for future high efficient power
systems. Conventional AC and DC grids are interconnected together through the
bidirectional AC/DC converter. The component model has been introduced. The