Sustainable Development Advisory Notes

175 Pages·2015·4.48 MB·English

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ADVISORY NOTES
FOR PRIORITY DEVELOPMENT SECTORS
IN BOTSWANA

Mining, Agriculture, Energy, Tourism and Water

17 July 2015

Environment and Development Services – International, UK
and
The Southern African Institute for Environmental Assessment, Namibia

in association with UNDP-Botswana
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ADVISORY NOTES FOR PRIORITY
DEVELOPMENT SECTORS
IN BOTSWANA

Mining, Agriculture, Tourism, Energy and Water

By

Barry Dalal-Clayton
Environment and Development Services – International
www.eds-international.org

and

Peter Tarr
Southern African Institute for Environmental Assessment
www.saiea.com
CONTENTS

Acknowledgements and caveats 4
Acronyms and abbreviations 5
Executive summary 7

1 Introduction 11
1.1 Background
1.1.1 Anchoring the Vision Beyond 2016 and NDP11 on sustainable
development principles and goals 11
1.1.2 Progress towards mainstreaming sustainable development and new
challenges 12
1.1.3 Realising the post-2015 Framework in Botswana 12
1.1.4 Aim of this report 13
1.2 What is sustainable development? 13
1.3 What is sustainability appraisal and methodology 15
1.3.1 Schedule of steps followed in this study/process 17

2 Mining sector 22
2.1 Baseline situation in the mining sector
2.1.1 Relative importance to economy and national development 22
2.1.2 Policy and legislative framework 22
2.1.3 Institutional framework 22
2.1.4 Mineral resources 23
2.1.5 Prospecting and mining trends 24
2.1.6 Existing environmental impacts 25
2.2 Development scenarios for the mining sector 26
2.2.1 Scenario summary 28
2.3 Sustainability appraisal of the mining sector 29
2.3.1 Selection of activities for appraisal 29
2.3.2 Overall perspective on the sustainability of the mining sector 30
2.3.3 Sustainability appraisal of selected activity 32
2.4 Conclusions and implications for national planning 34

3 Agriculture sector 36
3.1 Baseline situation in the agriculture sector 36
3.1.1 Relative importance to the economy and national development 36
3.1.2 Livestock production 36
3.1.3 Arable agriculture 38
3.1.4 Policy and legislative framework 39
3.1.5 Institutional framework 41
3.1.6 Sustainability issues in the agricultural sector 41
3.2 Development scenarios for the agriculture sector 41
3.2.1 Scenario summary 45
3.3 Sustainability appraisal of the agriculture sector 46
3.3.1 Selection of activities for appraisal 46
3.3.2 Overall perspective on the sustainability of the agriculture sector 47
3.3.3 Sustainability appraisal of selected activities 49
3.4 Conclusions and implications for national planning 55

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4 Energy sector 56
4.1 Baseline situation in the energy sector 56
4.1.1 Relative importance to economy and national development 56
4.1.2 Policy and legislative framework 56
4.1.3 Institutional arrangements 56
4.1.4 Energy resources and products 57
4.1.5 Access to energy 61
4.1.6 Energy consumption 61
4.1.7 Power infrastructure 62
4.1.8 Sustainability implications 62
4.2 Development scenarios for the energy sector 63
4.2.1 Scenario summary 66
4.3 Sustainability appraisal of the energy sector 66
4.3.1 Selection of activities for appraisal 66
4.3.2 Overall perspective on the sustainability of the energy sector 67
4.3.3 Sustainability appraisal of selected activities 69
4.4 Conclusions and implications for national planning 73

5 Tourism sector 75
5.1 Baseline situation in the tourism sector 75
5.1.1 Relative importance to economy and national development 75
5.1.2 Policy and legislative framework 76
5.1.3 Institutional framework 77
5.1.4 Main resources and sector products 78
5.1.5 Sustainability issues 78
5.2 Development scenarios for the tourism sector 80
5.2.1 Scenario summary 85
5.3 Sustainability appraisal of the tourism sector 85
5.3.1 Selection of activities for appraisal 85
5.3.2 Overall perspective on the sustainability of the tourism sector 86
5.3.3 Sustainability appraisal of selected activities 87
5.4 Conclusions and implications for national planning 93

6 Water sector 95
6.1 Baseline situation in the water sector 95
6.1.2 Policy and legislative framework 95
6.1.3 Institutional framework 96
6.1.4 Main water resources and sector products 96
6.1.5 Sustainability issues 100
6.2 Development scenarios for the water sector 104
6.2.1 Scenario summary 107
6.3 Sustainability appraisal of the water sector 108
6.3.1 Selection of activities for appraisal 108
6.3.2 Overall perspective on the sustainability of the water sector 108
6.3.3 Sustainability appraisal of selected activity 110
6.4 Conclusions and implications for national planning 114

7 Cross sector linkages and cross-cutting issues 116
7.1 Cross-sector linkages 116
7.2 Cross-cutting issues 120
7.2.1 Infrastructure 120
7.2.2 HIV and AIDS 122
7.2.3 Rural policies 123
7.2.4 Land tenure 124
7.2.5 Transboundary issues 124
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8 Conclusions and recommendations 126

References 132

Appendices 134
1 Lists of participants in scenario workshops 135
2 Lists of participants in sustainability appraisal workshops 136
3 Baseline information for the mining sector 138
4 Baseline information for the agriculture sector 141
5 Baseline information for the energy sector 143
6 Baseline information for the tourism sector 148
7 Baseline information for the water sector 154
8 Supplementary information on Botswana’s infrastructure 162
9 Definitions of terms 166

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS AND CAVEATS

This volume of Advisory Notes is one of the products of a programme of support by UNDP-Botswana
to the Government of Botswana to integrate sustainable development into the process of developing
Botswana’s Vision Beyond 2016 and NDP11.

It has been prepared by Professor Barry Dalal-Clayton, Environment and Development Services –
International, UK, and Dr Peter Tarr, Southern African Institute for Environmental Assessment,
Namibia.

Guidance and inputs were provided by Dr Muyeye Chambwera, UNDP-Botswana, and by Ms Tsalano
Kedikilwe, Department of Environmental Affairs, Ministry of Environment, Wildlife and Tourism,
Namibia.

Helpful support throughout the process of desk research and workshops leading to preparing these
Advisory Notes was provided by Kudzani Koketso, UNDP intern.

The source of all data provided in this report is indicated in the text, eg as published documents,
unpublished information provided by government officials or online resources (url links are given).
For some of the figures indicated in the sector scenarios (in chapters 2-6), where reliable data were
not available, we have used guesstimates based on expert opinion given during scenario and
sustainability appraisal workshops.

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LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

ARAP Advanced Rainfed Arable Programme
ALDEP Arable Lands Development Programme
BAMB Botswana Agricultural Marketing Board
B&B Bed and breakfast
BD Biodiversity
BECS Botswana Ecotourism Certification System
BEWRA Botswana Energy and Water Regulatory Agency
BMC Botswana Meat Commission
BOS Bureau of Standards
BPC Botswana Power Corporation
BRICS Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa
BWP Botswana Pula
CA Conservation agriculture
CBNRM Community-based natural resource management
CBM Coal bed methane
CLF Coal to liquids facility
CSR Corporate social responsibility
DEA Department of Environmental Affairs, Botswana
DDP District Development Plan
DGS Department of Geological Survey
DMS Department of Meteorological Services
DRC Democratic Republic of Congo
DWA Department of Water Affairs
DWMPC Department of Waste Management and Pollution Control
EA Environmental assessment
EDS Environment and Development Services - International
EIA Environmental impact assessment
EMP Environmental management plan
EPA Economic Partnership Agreement
ESMP Environmental and Social Management Plan
EU European Union
FDI Foreign direct investment
FMD Foot and Mouth Disease
Forex Foreign exchange
GDP Gross domestic product
GDSA Gaborone Declaration for Sustainability in Africa
GEF Global Environment Facility
GoB Government of Botswana
gt Giga tonne
Gwh Giga Watt Hour
ha Hectare
HIV/AIDS Human immunodeficiency virus / Acquired immune deficiency syndrome
HWC Human-wildlife conflict
ICMM International Council for Mining and Minerals
ILM Integrated land management
IPP Independent power producer
IRM Integrated rangeland management
IRR Internal rate of return
ISPAAD Integrated Support Programme for Arable Agriculture Development
IWRM Integrated water resources management
KAZA Kavango-Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area
LIMCOM Limpopo Watercourse Commission
LIMID Livestock management and infrastructure development
LPG Liquified petroleum gas
mcts million carats
M&E Monitoring and evaluation
MDGs Millennium development goals
MEWT Ministry of Environment Wildlife and Tourism, Botswana
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MFDP Ministry of Finance and Development Planning, Botswana
MIC Middle income country
MICE Meetings, incentives, conferences and exhibitions
MLGRD Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development, Botswana
MMEWR Ministry of Minerals, Energy and Water Resources, Botswana
MoA Ministry of Agriculture, Botswana
MSW Municipal solid waste
mtpa million tonnes per annum
mt/yr million tonnes per year
MW Mega Watt
NAMPADD National Master Plan for Agricultural and Dairy Development
NDP National Development Plan
NGO Non-governmental organisation
NOAA National Ocean and Atmospheric Administration, USA
NSC North-South Carrier
NSO National Strategy Office, Botswana
OKACOM Permanent Okavango River Basin Water Commission
ORASECOM Orange-Senqu River Commission
OUZIT Upper Zambezi International Tourism Initiative
PPP Policy, plan or programme
pppd per person per day
R&D Research and development
RBO River basin organisation
RETOSA Regional Tourism Organisation of Southern Africa
RSA Republic of South Africa
RSAP-IWRM Regional Strategic Action Plan for Integrated Water Resources Development
and Management
SA Sustainability appraisal
SACU South African Customs Union
SADC Southern African Development Community
SAIEA Southern African Institute for Environmental Assessment
SAPP Southern African Power Pool
SDGs Sustainable development goals
SEA Strategic environmental assessment
SME Small and medium-sized enterprise
SOE State-owned enterprise
STD Sexually transmitted disease
TDS Total dissolved solids
TFCA Transfrontier conservation areas
TKR Trans Kalahari railway
TWG Thematic working group
UDP Urban development plan
UHT Ultra high temperature
UNDP-Botswana UN Development Programme, Botswana
USA United States of America
VFR Visiting friends and relatives
WAP Water Apportionment Board, Botswana
WAVES Wealth accounting and the valuation of ecosystem services
WCED World Commission on Environment and Development
WHO World Health Organisation
WTO World Toilet Organisation
WUC Water Utilities Corporation
ZAMCOM Zambezi Watercourse Commission

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

UNDP-Botswana is supporting the Government of Botswana to integrate sustainable development
into the process of developing Botswana’s Vision Beyond 2016 and Eleventh National Development
Plan (NDP11). This report presents a technical appraisal of the sustainable development elements and
interactions of five priority sectors that are likely to be central to the new Vision (which will guide the
orientation of NDP11), and determine how they are likely to contribute to the goal of sustainable
development and achievement of Vision priorities. The five sectors addressed include: mining,
agriculture, energy, tourism and water.

Chapter 1 is an introduction providing a background to Botswana’s processes to develop a new
national Vision and NDP11 and how UNDP-Botswana is helping to anchor these instruments on
sustainable development goals and principles. It discusses some of the challenges of mainstreaming
sustainable development and realising the UN’s Post-2015 Framework in Botswana. Some progress
has already been made, particularly through government’s commitment to making sustainable
development a leading goal and foundation of NDP11. But this commitment also needs to be reflected
as an umbrella goal of the new Vision. Of particular note is Botswana’s selection to spearhead
implementation of the Gaborone Declaration for Sustainability in Africa (GDSA). An outline is
provided of the concept of sustainable development and a discussion of the aims of sustainability
appraisal. In this report, sustainability appraisal is used to mean a planning and decision support tool
to analyse the social, economic, environmental and governance dimensions of development in an
integrated manner to inform the formulation of policies, programmes and plans and the development
projects that may flow from them. The steps followed included:

 Desk analysis for each sector focused on policies/regulations and their key thrusts and
requirements, and identification of key baseline data sourced from available documents – to
produce sector baseline profiles.
 Analysis of the draft Framework for a Long-Term Vision Beyond 2016 (version dated 27
October 2014) to identify objectives, strategies, key goals and initiatives envisaged for each of the
five priority sectors.
 Facilitated scenario workshops involving invited experts to develop scenarios (baseline; low
growth or business-as-usual; and high growth) to illustrate how each sector might play out over
the forthcoming decade and the likely key thrusts, developments/initiatives or projects.
 Facilitated sustainability appraisal workshops involving invited experts.
 Synthesis and preparation of final report.

Workshop participants, attending in their personal capacity as sector experts, were drawn from
members of Thematic Working Groups as well as the agencies/ministries leading the Vision and
NDP11/DDP4/UDP8 processes at national and district level (National Strategy Office, Ministry of
Finance and Development Planning and Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development), the
private sector, academia and NGOs.

Chapters 2 - 6 address the five priority sectors, respectively: mining, agriculture, energy, tourism and
water. Each chapter follows an identical format with sections discussing: the baseline situation,
development scenarios, a sustainability appraisal of the sector, and conclusions and implications for
national planning.

The baselines profiles describe a range of factors for each sector: the relative importance of the sector
to the economy and national development; policy, legislative and institutional frameworks; the main
resources, products, activities and infrastructure; key sustainability issues; and key statistics.

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Scenarios are developed for each sector. First, the factors currently driving or likely to drive the
sector in the future are discussed. Then three scenarios are presented for each sector in tabular format,
with assumptions set out:
 Baseline scenario (the current situation) – drawing from the baseline profile;
 Business as usual scenario – essentially organic growth extrapolating current plans and
trends (i.e. things in the pipeline or likely to happen anyway over the next six years);
 High growth scenario – the goal of the draft Vision - identifying how projects and other
activities in the sector are likely to play out over the next 10 years, the reasons, how such
growth can be achieved, and what factors may enhance or impede it.
The scenarios are presented as bulleted factors which can be compared under each scenario column.

Drawing from the baseline profile and scenarios, the main projects and other activities likely to be
implemented over the next 10 years in the sector are listed and, from these, a limited number selected
by workshop participants are then subjected to sustainability appraisal. An overall perspective of the
sustainability of the sector is provided, followed by a sustainability appraisal in tabular format. The
tables analyse how the selected projects and activities are likely to contribute to, or impede, achieving
the goals of the four TWG themes (economy and employment; social upliftment; environment; and
governance, safety and security) . In practice, these themes represent the pillars of sustainable
development. The analysis is presented in bullet format indicating both the positive and negative
impacts of each project or activity on these pillars/themes, and how to either enhance or mitigate
them, respectively. For each sector appraisal, an ‘on balance’ perspective summarises the key pros
and cons of the appraised activities. In addition, the key assumptions are indicated –factors it is
assumed will pertain and that are needed to achieve a high-growth scenario for Botswana (as
envisaged in the draft Vision Framework); and the main risks are listed – those that might impede the
listed assumptions or the achievement of high growth. The key synergies and antagonisms within and
between sectors are also discussed.

Chapter 7 deals with cross-sector linkages and cross-cutting issues, including infrastructure, HIV
and AIDS, rural policies, land tenure and transboundary issues. In planning for, and investing in,
Botswana’s future development, it will be important to identify these linkages between sectors to help
indicate where there is a need to work together to, for example:
 promote and enhance outcomes beneficial to linked sectors;
 avoid or minimise developments in a sector that could impact negatively on other sectors or
inadvertently undermine or impede development policies or initiatives in other sectors;
 analyse issues of mutual concern;
 address common or interacting concerns;
 jointly promote solutions to challenges;
 engage in integrated planning.

The report highlights a number of institutional shortcomings in the current arrangements, which
include:
 gaps and overlaps in environmental policy formulation;
 inadequate coordination , integration of activities and appropriate land use zonation (so there is a
need for consistent policies, planning, implementation and monitoring) (Box 7.1);
 limited monitoring and response capability;
 insufficient coordination;
 lack of capacity to resolve differences; and
 inadequate response capability.

Chapter 8 sets out a number of overall conclusions and makes some recommendations. Key ones
include:

 A significant effort is need to raise awareness amongst stakeholders (government, private sector
and civil society) at all levels in Botswana about what sustainable development is, how it can be
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