Sustainable Design: HCI, Usability and Environmental Concerns

225 Pages·2022·4.617 MB·English

by  Tomayess Issa, Pedro Isaias

Tomayess Issa
Pedro Isaias
Sustainable
Design
HCI, Usability and Environmental
Concerns
Second Edition
Sustainable Design
·
Tomayess Issa Pedro Isaias
Sustainable Design
HCI, Usability and Environmental Concerns
Second Edition
TomayessIssa PedroIsaias
CurtinUniversitySchoolofManagement WestWing
andMarketing UNSWSydney
Perth,WA,Australia Sydney,NSW,Australia
ISBN978-1-4471-7512-4 ISBN978-1-4471-7513-1 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-7513-1
Theauthor(s)has/haveassertedtheirright(s)tobeidentifiedastheauthor(s)ofthisworkinaccordance
withtheCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988.
SpringerLondonHeidelbergNewYorkDordrecht
1stedition:©Springer-VerlagLondon2015
2ndedition:©Springer-VerlagLondonLtd.,partofSpringerNature2022
Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof
thematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation,
broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformation
storageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodology
nowknownorhereafterdeveloped.
Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication
doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant
protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse.
Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthisbook
arebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsor
theeditorsgiveawarranty,expressedorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforany
errorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictional
claimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations.
ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringer-VerlagLondonLtd.partofSpringer
Nature.
Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:TheCampus,4CrinanStreet,London,N19XW,UnitedKingdom
Foreword
Inordertohelpachievetheworld’sgoalsofaddressingenvironmentalissues,weare
taskedwithmakingourInformationTechnology(IT)systemsandbusinessprocesses
moreenvironmentallyfriendlyandharnessingthepotentialofITtosolveormitigate
pressing environmental problems. Additionally, the IT sector is being scrutinized
morecloselyowingtotheeffectsthatITproductsandserviceshaveonsustainability
throughouttheirlifecycle.Tomitigaterisksandmaximizetheadvantagesandpossi-
bilitiesofferedbygreenIT,acomprehensiveandstrategybasedonsolidprinciples
andbestpracticesisrequired.Businessexecutives,legislators,ITexperts,academics,
and students, as well as the general public, need realistic advice on how to utilize
greenIT.However,thereareveryfewbooksongreenITthatarebothpracticaland
helpful.
ManyITprofessionals,businesspersonnel,andindividualswhouseITarekeen
to explore and implement innovative ideas in this field. The combination of the
principlesofHuman–ComputerInteraction(HCI)withsustainabilitydesignisone
such innovation. Previously, the primary goal of incorporating HCI in the design
processwastocreateauserinterfacethatwasbothefficientandeffectiveinmeeting
theneedsandrequirementsofprospectiveusers.However,thisbookisintendedto
guidedesignersandusersinthecreationofITsystemsanddevicesthatmeetfuture
needswhileincorporatingHCIprinciplesandsustainabilityinthedesign.Therefore,
thisworkoffersguidelinesregardingthemanagementandparticipationofusersinthe
developmentofsuccessfuldesignsforvariousplatformssuchaswebsites,phones,
tablets,andwearabledevices.Theintentionofthisbookistoprovideguidelinesfor
theclean,minimalistdesignofsystemsthatenableuserstointeracteasilywiththe
platform,whileminimizinganynegativeimpactsontheenvironment.
Thisbookisforanyoneinterestedinlearningaboutsustainabledesigninhuman–
computerinteraction,usability,andenvironmentalconcernsinordertoensureamore
sustainableecosystemforcominggenerations.Thesedesignshavebeenevaluatedby
usersinanumberofcountriescomprisingbothdevelopedanddevelopingnations:
Australia,Brazil,China,Germany,India,Norway,Singapore,SouthKorea,Sweden,
theUK,andtheUSA.Thedataobtainedfromtheresearchparticipantshelpedthe
v
vi Foreword
researcherstodeterminethemostimportantelementstoincludeinthenewsustain-
abledesign.Additionally,thewriterswillcontinuetoincludeothersubjectsintoto
thetextbook,includingsocialandglobalproblems,socialnetworking,bigdata,and
InternetofThings(IoT).
Finally,thisbookestablishestherelationshipbetweenHCI,usability,andsustain-
able design and presents the most up-to-date knowledge on the aforementioned
topics, as the majority of HCI authors are eager to develop frameworks, tools,
techniques,andmodelsthatcomplywithsustainabledesignrequirements.
Riyadh,SaudiArabia AbdulazizAlbahlal,Ph.D.
ITProfessional,ConsultantatSaudi
AuthorityforDataandArtificial
Intelligence(SDAIA)
Acknowledgements
Weacknowledgethesupportofallpeoplethatcontributeddirectlyorindirectlyto
thisbook.
TomayessIssaowespecialgratitudefirsttoGod,theAlmighty,andherparents:
V.Rev.Fr.BoutrosToumaIssa;andofcourse,totheSpiritofBathqyomoMarine
Khoury-Issa (2016+). Her sister Dr. Theodora, her brother Dr. Touma, his wife
Siba, and their daughter Talitha; her Sister Tamara, her husband Tony, and their
children Tabitha, Antoinette, Jacob, and finally to her bother Theodore, his wife
Mary,andtheirchildrenCephasandMary;fortheircontinuoussupport,andencour-
agement since without their help, this work would never have been completed.
Tomayess would like to acknowledge the support of The School of Management
andMarketingattheFacultyofBusinessandLawofCurtinUniversity,Australia,
fortheirinspirationandencouragement.
PedroIsaiaswouldliketoacknowledgeTheSchoolofInformationSystemsand
TechnologyManagement(SISTM)fromtheUniversityofNewSouthWales,Sydney,
fortheirsupport.Also,aspecialacknowledgmenttoSaraPifanofromISRLabfor
her continuous support. Finally, he would like to acknowledge the support of his
family.Withouttheirassistance,thisworkwouldnothavebeenpossibleatall.
Perth,WA,Australia TomayessIssa
Sydney,NSW,Australia PedroIsaias
vii
Contents
1 Introduction ................................................... 1
1.1 Introduction ............................................... 1
1.2 Human–ComputerInteraction ................................ 2
1.3 Usability .................................................. 4
1.4 Sustainability .............................................. 5
1.5 SustainableDesign ......................................... 7
1.6 Methodology .............................................. 11
1.7 The Initial Sustainable Step in the New Participative
MethodologyforSustainableDesign .......................... 11
1.8 OutlineoftheBook ......................................... 13
1.9 Conclusion ................................................ 17
References ..................................................... 17
2 UsabilityandHuman–ComputerInteraction(HCI) ............... 23
2.1 Introduction ............................................... 23
2.2 User-CenteredSystemDesign ................................ 24
2.3 Human–ComputerInteraction(HCI) .......................... 25
2.3.1 WhatisHCI? ........................................ 25
2.3.2 HCIasProcess ...................................... 27
2.3.3 RelationshipBetweentheHCIandHumanDialogue ...... 27
2.3.4 GoalsofHCI ........................................ 28
2.3.5 PurposeofHCI ...................................... 29
2.3.6 InteractionandInteractivity ........................... 30
2.3.7 FactorsinHCIDesign ................................ 32
2.4 WhatisUsability? .......................................... 33
2.4.1 ConceptsofUsability ................................. 34
2.4.2 UsabilityCriteria .................................... 36
2.4.3 UsabilitySpecifications ............................... 37
2.5 Conclusion ................................................ 38
References ..................................................... 39
ix
x Contents
3 UserParticipationintheSystemDevelopmentProcess ............. 41
3.1 Introduction ............................................... 41
3.2 WhatisParticipation? ....................................... 41
3.2.1 ChangeProcesses .................................... 44
3.2.2 Managing User Participation in Development
Processes ........................................... 46
3.2.3 HowtoParticipate? .................................. 47
3.2.4 SomeProblemswiththeParticipativeApproach .......... 50
3.3 HowWeKnowOurUsers ................................... 51
3.3.1 UserCharacteristics .................................. 51
3.3.2 KnowledgeofUserTasks ............................. 53
3.3.3 RecruitingUsers ..................................... 54
3.3.4 TechniquesforObservingandListeningtoUsers ......... 55
3.3.5 InternetMarketingandUserResponses ................. 58
3.4 Conclusion ................................................ 59
References ..................................................... 60
4 Physical,Cognitive,andAffectiveEngineering .................... 63
4.1 Introduction ............................................... 63
4.2 PhysicalEngineering ........................................ 64
4.3 CognitiveEngineering ...................................... 66
4.4 Goals,Operators,Methods,andSelectionRules(GOMS) ........ 68
4.5 Norman’sModel ........................................... 69
4.6 AffectiveEngineering ....................................... 69
4.7 Conclusion ................................................ 72
References ..................................................... 72
5 Color,PrototypingandNavigation,PrinciplesandGuidelines
Design,EvaluationandTesting,andTaskAnalysis ................ 75
5.1 Introduction ............................................... 75
5.2 Color ..................................................... 76
5.3 Navigation ................................................ 78
5.4 Prototyping ................................................ 80
5.5 GuidelinesandPrinciplesDesign ............................. 81
5.6 EvaluationandTesting ...................................... 83
5.6.1 WhatisEvaluation? .................................. 83
5.6.2 WhyEvaluate? ...................................... 84
5.6.3 WhentoEvaluate? ................................... 84
5.6.4 MethodsandMeansofEvaluation ...................... 85
5.7 TaskAnalysis .............................................. 86
5.7.1 Goals,Tasks,andActions ............................. 87
5.7.2 TechniquesforIdentifyingTypesandGranularity
ofTasks ............................................ 87
5.8 Conclusion ................................................ 89
References ..................................................... 89
Contents xi
6 ModelsandMethodologies ...................................... 93
6.1 Introduction ............................................... 93
6.2 LifecycleModels ........................................... 95
6.2.1 TheWaterfallLifecycleModel ......................... 95
6.2.2 TheSpiralLifecycleModel ............................ 96
6.2.3 RapidApplicationDevelopment(RAD) ................. 97
6.2.4 SystemsDevelopmentLifecycle ........................ 97
6.2.5 TheStarLifecycleModel ............................. 99
6.2.6 TheUsabilityEngineeringLifecycle .................... 100
6.2.7 SummaryofLifecycleModels ......................... 100
6.3 InformationSystemsDevelopmentMethodologies .............. 101
6.3.1 StructuredSystemsAnalysisandDesignMethodology
(SSADM) ........................................... 102
6.3.2 SoftSystemsMethodology(SSM) ...................... 104
6.3.3 User-CenteredDevelopmentMethodology ............... 108
6.3.4 ETHICSMethodology ................................ 110
6.3.5 Summary of Information Systems Development
Methodologies ....................................... 112
6.4 MethodologiesforDevelopingWebsites ....................... 114
6.4.1 HumanFactorsMethodologyforDesigningWebsites ..... 115
6.4.2 RelationshipManagementMethodology(RMM) ......... 116
6.4.3 TheW3DTDesignMethodology ....................... 119
6.4.4 InformationDevelopmentMethodologyfortheWeb ...... 121
6.4.5 TheWebSiteDesignMethod(WSDM) ................. 123
6.4.6 SummaryofMethodologiesforDevelopingWebsites. ..... 126
6.5 MarketingMethodologies ................................... 129
6.5.1 E-MarketingPlan .................................... 129
6.5.2 TheAdverturesCompanyMethodology ................. 133
6.5.3 The Market-Vantage (Internet Performance
Marketing)Methodology .............................. 135
6.5.4 EnSky’sUniqueMethodology ......................... 138
6.5.5 ReviewofMarketingMethodologies .................... 139
6.5.6 SummaryofMarketingMethodologies .................. 139
6.6 DetailedWebsiteDesignandImplementation ................... 142
6.6.1 The Object-Oriented Hypermedia Design Model
(OOHDM) .......................................... 142
6.6.2 ImplementationMethodology .......................... 144
6.7 Summary of Information Systems Development
Methodologies,MethodologiesforDevelopingWebsites,
andMarketingMethodologies ................................ 145
6.8 New Participative Methodology for Marketing Websites
(NPMMW) ................................................ 151
6.9 Conclusion ................................................ 156
References ..................................................... 156