Sustainable concrete construction : proceedings of the international conference held at the University of Dundee, Scotland, UK on 9-11 September, 2002

848 Pages·2002·98.042 MB·English

by  Halliday, Judith E., Dhir, Ravindra K., Dyer, Thomas D

Sustainable Concrete
Construction
Proceedings of the International Conference
held at the University of Dundee, Scotland, UK
on 9-11 September 2002
Edited by
Ravindra K. Dhir
Director, Concrete Technology Unit
University of Dundee
Thomas D. Dyer
Lecturer, Concrete Technology Unit
University of Dundee
and
Judith E. Halliday
Research/Teaching Felllow, Concrete Technology Unit
University of Dundee
V Thomas Telford
Published by Thomas Telford Publishing, Thomas Telford Ltd, 1 Heron Quay, London E14 4JD.
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First published 2002
The full list of titles from the 2002 International Congress 'Challenges of Concrete Construction' and available
from Thomas Telford is as follows
• Innovations and developments in concrete materials and construction
• Sustainable concrete construction
• Concrete for extreme conditions
• Composite materials in concrete construction
• Concrete floors and slabs
• Repair, rejuvenation and enhancement of concrete
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN: 0 7277 3177 7
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Printed and bound in Great Britain by MPG Books, Bodmin, Cornwall
PREFACE
Concrete is a global material that underwrites commercial well-being and social development.
Notwithstanding concrete's uniqueness, it faces challenges from new materials, environmental
concerns and economic factors, as well as ever more demanding design requirements. Indeed, the
pressure for change and improvement of performance is relentless and necessary.
The Concrete Technology Unit (CTU) of the University of Dundee organised this Congress to
address these issues, continuing its established series of events, namely, Creating with Concrete
in 1999, Concrete in the Service of Mankind in 1996, Economic and Durable Concrete
Construction Through Excellence in 1993 and Protection of Concrete in 1990.
The event was organised in collaboration with three of the world's most recognised institutions:
the Institution of Civil Engineers, the American Concrete Institute and the Japan Society of Civil
Engineers. Under the theme of Challenges of Concrete Construction, the Congress consisted of
three Seminars: (i) Composite Materials in Concrete Construction, (ii) Concrete Floors and
Slabs, (iii) Repair, Rejuvenation and Enhancement of Concrete, and three Conferences: (i)
Innovations and Developments in Concrete Materials and Construction, (ii) Sustainable Concrete
Construction, (iii) Concrete for Extreme Conditions. In all, a total of 350 papers were presented
from 58 countries.
The Opening Addresses were given by Mr Jack McConnell MSP, First Minister of the Scottish
Executive, Sir Alan Langlands, Principal and Vice-Chancellor of the University of Dundee, Mr
John Letford, Lord Provost, City of Dundee, Professor Adrian Long, Senior Vice-President of the
Institution of Civil Engineers, Dr Taketo Uomoto, Director of the Japan Society of Civil
Engineers and Dr Terence Holland, President of the American Concrete Institute. The Congress
had six Opening and six Closing Papers dealing with the main themes of the Seminars and
Conferences. Opening Papers were presented by Professor Gerard Van Erp, University of
Southern Queensland, Australia Dr Peter Seidler, Astradur lndustrieboden, Germany and
Professor Kyosti Tuttii, Skanska Teknik AB, Sweden, Professor Surendra Shah, Northwestern
University, USA, Dr Philip Nixon, Building Research Establishment, UK and Mr Hans de Vries,
Ministry of Transport, the Netherlands. Closing Papers were presented by Dr Gier Horrigmoe,
NORUT Technology Ltd, Norway, Professor Andrew Beeby, University of Leeds, UK, Professor
Peter Robery, FaberMaunsell, UK, Professor Heiki Kukko, VTT Building and Transport,
Finland, Dr Mette Glavind, Danish Technological Institute, Denmark and Professor Yoshihiro
Masuda, Utsunomiya University, Japan. The Congress was closed by Professor Peter Hewlett,
Chief Executive of the British Board of Agrement, UK.
The support of 23 International Professional Institutions and 32 Sponsoring Organisations was a
major contribution to the success of the Congress. An extensive Trade Fair formed an integral
part of the event. The work of the Congress was an immense undertaking and all of those
involved are gratefully acknowledged, in particular, the members of the Organising Committee
for managing the event from start to finish; members of the International Advisory and National
Technical Committees for advising on the selection and reviewing of papers; the Authors and the
Chairmen of Technical Sessions for their invaluable contributions to the proceedings.
All of the proceedings have been prepared directly from the camera-ready manuscripts submitted
by the authors and editing has been restricted to minor changes where it was considered
absolutely necessary.
Dundee Ravindra K Dhir
September 2002 Chairman, Congress Organising Committee
INTRODUCTION
The issue of sustainable development is now becoming a key consideration in the construction
process. Given that construction primarily involves the sourcing, movement, processing and
assembly of material to create a finished product, it is in this area that greatest improvements with
regard to environmental impact and responsible use of resources can be realised.
Significant volumes of raw materials go towards the production of concrete, and the sources from
which these materials are obtained will influence environmental impact. Moreover, the
construction industry is beginning to realise the importance of obtaining optimum performance
(and value) from each concrete constituent through careful consideration of their physical and
chemical properties.
Another resource, which is becoming scarce in many parts of the world is land. Traditionally,
construction on virgin land has always been considered preferable to previously occupied sites.
However, as new land suitable for construction become less available, urban 'brownfield' sites
are becoming a more realistic option. However, such sites often carry with them legacies of their
previous industrial use in the form of soil contaminants, and it is of great importance that
remediation of contaminated land and subsequent redevelopment is carried out in such a way that
the integrity of concrete in contact with such soils is not compromised.
Energy is also a resource whose responsible use is essential for sustainable development.
Moreover, most of the pollution associated with construction is derived from the combustion of
fossil fuels. The manufacture of cement requires energy to obtain the high temperatures required
in the kiln. However, in recent years there has been a strong drive towards the development of
technologies and methodologies for reducing the energy demand of cement production, and a
move away from dependence on primary fossil fuel resources. Given that the vast majority of
energy use by the construction industry is for the transportation of materials, novel methodologies
for planning construction projects may offer some opportunities to improve efficiency.
It is worth remembering that in most cases the period over which structures have their greatest
impact on the environment is during service. One way in which impact can be lessened is through
design for energy conservation. Its unique thermal properties, along with its versatility, make
concrete a key component of such structures.
Waste is generated both at the construction stage and at the end of a structure's service life. A
great deal of emphasis has recently been focussed on ways in which construction waste can be
minimised, as well as methods for returning demolition waste back into concrete construction. In
addition, the concept of design for deconstruction is growing. However, it should always be
remembered that for environmentally sustainable practices to be adopted, it is essential that
economic sustainability is also achieved.
The Proceedings of this Conference; 'Sustainable Concrete Construction' dealt with all of these
subject areas under six themes: (i) Environmental Strategies, (ii) Reuse of Waste Materials, (iii)
Environmentally Sensitive Concrete Construction, (iv) Total Recycling Opportunities, (v) Design
and Construction, and (vi) Economics for Sustainability. There were a total of 78 papers
presented during the International Conference which are compiled into these proceedings.
Dundee Ravindra K Dhir
September 2002 Tom D Dyer
Judith E Halliday
ORGANISING COMMITTEE
Concrete Technology Unit
Professor R K Dhir OBE (Chairman)
Dr M D Newlands (Secretary)
Professor P C Hewlett
British Board of Agrement
Professor T A Harrison
Quarry Products Association
Professor V K Rigopoulou
National Technical University of Athens, Greece
Dr S Y N Chan
Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Dr N Y Ho
L & M Structural Systems, Singapore
Dr M R Jones
Dr MJ McCarthy
Dr T D Dyer
Dr K A Paine
Dr L J Csetenyi
Dr J E Halliday
Dr L Zheng
Dr S Caliskan
Dr A Iordanidis
Ms P I Hynes (Congress Assistant)
Mr S R Scott (Unit Assistant)
INTERNATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE
Dr C Andrade, Director oflETCC
Institute of Construction Sciences Eduardo Torroja, Spain
Professor G Balazs, Head of Department
Budapest University of Technology, Hungary
Professor Y Ballim, Associate Professor
University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa
Professor A Bentur, Head Division of Building Materials
Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Israel
Professor JMJM Bijen, Professor
Delft University of Technology, Netherlands
Professor A Brandt, Head of Department
Insistute of Fundamental Tech Research, Poland
Professor K-J Byun, Dean/Professor in Concrete Engineering
Yonsei University, Korea
Dr J-M Chandelle, Chief Executive
CEMBUREAU, Belgium
Professor T-P Chang, Professor
National Taiwan University of Science & Technology, Taiwan
Professor M Collepardi, Professor
Politecnico Di Milano, Italy
Dr J Duncan, Manager, Building Industry Research
BRANZ, New Zealand
Professor RI Gilbert, Head of School
University of New South Wales, Australia
Professor S Ikeda, Professor
Yokohama National University, Japan
Professor B L Jensen,
Danish Technological Institute, Denmark
Dr H Justnes, Chief Scientist
S1NTEF Civil & Environmental Engineering, Norway
Professor V Kristek, Head of Department
Czech Technical University, Czech Republic
Dr A K H Kwan, Associate Dean of Engineering
University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Professor F de Larrard, Director MMCER
LCPC Centre de Nantes, France
INTERNATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE
(CONTINUED)
Professor R W Lindberg, Professor
Tampere University of Technology, Finland
Dr H-U Litzner, Senior Chief Executive
German Concrete Society (DBV), Germany
Mr J E McDonald, Research Civil Engineer
US Army Corp of Engineers, USA
Professor S Mirza, Professor
McGill University, Canada
Mr J V Paiva, Head, Building Department
LNEC, Portugal
Dr T Philippou, Manager
Heracles General Cement Company, Greece
Mr S A Reddi, Deputy Managing Director
Gammon India Limited, India
Professor F Saje, Professor of Concrete Structures
University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
Professor S P Shah, Director, ACBM
Northwestern University, USA
Professor HER Sommer, Consultant
Austria
Dr S Tangtermsirikul, Head of School of Civil Engineering
Thammasat University, Thailand
Professor K Tuutti, Director
Skanska Teknik AB, Sweden
Professor T Uomoto, Head ofUomoto Concrete Laboratory
University of Tokyo, Japan
Dr O H Wallevik, Head of Concrete Division
Icelandic Buidling Research Institute, Iceland
Professor T H Wee, Associate Professor
National University of Singapore, Singapore
Professor M A Yeginobali, Director, R&D Institute
Turkish Cement Manufacturers Association, Turkey
Professor H M Z Al-Abideen, Deputy Minister
Ministry of Public Works and Housing, Saudi Arabia
NATIONAL TECHNICAL COMMITTEE
Professor S A Austin
Professor of Structural Engineering, Loughborough University
Professor A W Beeby
Professor of Structural design, The University of Leeds
Professor T Broyd
Research & Innovations Director, W S Atkins
Professor J H Bungey
Head of Department, The University of Liverpool
Mr N Clarke
Publications Manager, The Concrete Society
Mr G Cooper
Development Director, Fosroc International Ltd
Mr S J Crompton
Divisional Manager, RMC Readyraix Ltd
Dr S B Desai OBE
Visiting Professor, University of Surrey
Professor R K Dhir OBE (Chairman)
Director, Concrete Technology Unit, University of Dundee
Dr K Elliott
Senior Lecturer, University of Nottingham
Dr S Garvin
Director (Scotland), Building Research Establishment
Professor F P Glasser
Professor, University of Aberdeen
Mr P G Goring
Technical Director, John Doyle Construction
Professor T A Harrison
BRMCA Consultant, Quarry Products Association
Professor P C Hewlett
Chief Executive, British Board of Agrement
Mr A Johnson
Divisional Director and Manager, Mott MacDonald Special Services
Dr M R Jones
Senior Lecturer, Concrete Technology Unit, University of Dundee
Professor R J Kettle
Head of Department, Aston University
Mr P Livesey
National Technical Services Manager, Castle Cement Limited
VIll
NATIONAL TECHNICAL COMMITTEE
(CONTINUED)
Professor A E Long
Dean of Faculty of Engineering, Queens University Belfast
Mr N Loudon
Senior Technical Adviser, Highways Agency
Mr A C Mack
Operations Director, Bovis Lend Lease (Scotland) Ltd
Professor P S Mangat
Head, Civil Engineering & Construction, Sheffield Hallam University
Mr G G T Masterton
Director, Babtie Group
Professor G C Mays
Deputy Principal, Cranfield University
Professor W J McCarter
Professor, Heriot-Watt University
Dr J Moore
Director, Standards & Technical, British Cement Association
Dr P J Nixon
Director, Centre for Concrete Construction, Building Research Establishment
Mr M Peden
Partner, W.A. Fairhurst & Partners
Dr W F Price
Senior Research Manager, British Cement Assocation
Professor P C Robery
Divisional Director - Midlands, Maunsell Ltd
Mr J M Ross
Chairman, Blyth & Blyth Consulting Engineers
Dr R H Scott
Reader in Engineering, University of Durham
Dr I Sims
Director (Materials), STATS Limited
Professor G Somerville OBE
Independent Consultant
Mr P Titman
Quality and Environment Manager, Edmund Nuttall Ltd
Dr P R Vassie
Research Fellow, Transport Research Laboratory
Professor S Wild
Head, Building Materials Research Unit, University of Glamorgan
COLLABORATING INSTITUTIONS
Institution of Civil Engineers, UK
American Concrete Institute
Japan Society of Civil Engineers
SPONSORING ORGANISATIONS WITH EXHIBITION
Aggregate Industries pic
Babtie Group
British Board of Agrement
British Cement Association
Building Research Establishment
Caledonian Slag Cement
Castle Cement Limited
CEMBUREAU, Belgium
Danish Technological Institute, Denmark
Degussa Construction Chemicals, Italy
Dundee City Council
Elkem Materials Ltd
FaberMaunsell
Fosroc International Ltd
Heidelberg Cement, Germany
Heracles General Cement Company, Greece
Institution of Civil Engineers
John Doyle Construction
Lafarge Cement UK
Makers UK Ltd
MBT Admixtures
Netzsch Instruments, Germany
North East Slag Cement
Palladian Publications
RMC Readymix Ltd
Rugby Cement
ScotAsh Ltd